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Welcome to AnarchyinAction.org!
AnarchyinAction.org is a resource for anyone to research and write about how and when anarchy can work. Anarchy, coming from the Greek words an (without) and archos (ruler) refers to a situation without domination, without coercive hierarchy. We have collected hundreds of examples of anarchy in practice and sorted them by their scale and focus. By looking for anarchy beyond "big-A" Anarchist projects (although we're interested in those too!), we respond to Maia Ramnath's call in Decolonizing Anarchism to "locate the Western anarchist tradition as one contextually specific manifestation among a larger-indeed global-tradition of antiauthoritarian, egalitarian thought/praxis".[1] We take our name from Colin Ward's 1973 book Anarchy in Action.
This wiki is done entirely by volunteers, and we encourage you to check our work and help us to constantly improve it. If you see misinformation, please contact us right away so that we can either fix it or assist you in setting up an account so you can edit the page directly. See the About page for more information. Additionally, if you are a member of an organization or another group described on this website, please feel free to send us information on current campaigns, and we will include it so that our readers will know how to get involved or participate in solidarity efforts.
Societies
"Once we leave Europe, in fact, we discover that statelessness and the desire for self-government are not eternally receding utopias, but are principles that for millennia have structured communities in every part of the world." -Silvia Federici[2]
"[T]here are also concepts such as anti-authoritarian or egalitarian forms of organizing. Although this differs in degrees from one Indigenous nation to another, it is, overall, a fairly strong part of our traditional culture (with some exceptions)." -Gord Hill[3]
"Egalitarian cities, even regional confederacies, are historically quite commonplace."-David Graeber and David Wengrow[4]
Anarchist
Revolutionary Spain, 1936-9, 3.2 million people
Revolutionary Ukraine, 1918-1921, 7 million people
Shinmin Prefecture, 1929-1931, 2 million people
Anti-Authoritarian
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Abahlali baseMjondolo, 100,000 members as of 2021
El Alto neighborhood councils, 2000s CE
Cayonu, 7200 to ca. 4200 BCE
Crianza Mutua (Colombia)
Crianza Mutua (Mexico)
Cucuteni–Trypillia civilization, 1 million people, 4800 to 3000 BCE
Early Uruk, 4000-3200 BCE
Early Neolithic Southern Levant, 10,500 to 6000 BCE
Jenne-jeno, 250 BCE-1400 CE, 11,000 people
Mapuche, 1 million people in sixteenth century
Minoan Crete, 3000 BCE-1100 BCE
Oceti Sakowin (Sioux)
Niitsitapi (Blackfoot)
Peiligang culture, 7000-5000 BCE
Rojava, 2012-present, 2.5 million people
San (including !Kung)
Taborite communes, 15th century
Vikalp Sangam (India)
Zapatista-run Chiapas, 1994-present, 120,000-300,000 people
Zomia, present, 100 million people
Autonomous
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Essenes, 4,000 people
Paris Commune, 1871, 2 million people
Limited
Athenian polis, 594-431, 404-403 BCE, 40,000 male citizens
Kibbutzim, 1919-present, 120,000 members in 2011
Unsorted
Land Dayaks
La Paz Zapotec, nearly 2,000 people
Maori
New Guinea indigenous peoples
Northwest coast indigenous peoples
Nuer
Imazighen
Ifugao
Dinka people
Communities
"The primary aspiration of all history is a genuine community of human beings -- genuine because it is community all through." - Martin Buber[5]
"Strong communities make police obsolete." -police-abolitionist slogan
Anarchist
Guangzhou commune, 1921-1923
Anti-Autoritarian
Christiania, 1971-present, 900 people
Faslane Peace Camp, 1982-present
Free Republic of Wendland, 1980, 5,000 people
George's Hill (Diggers), 1649, 40 people
Greenham Common Women's Peace Camp, 1981-200
Life and Labor Commune, 1921-1930, nearly 1,000 people
Village Alternatif, Anticapitalist et AntiGuerres, 2003, thousands of people
Autonomous
Kuzbass Autonomous Industrial Commune, 1922-1926
Pocasset, 200 families
Unsorted
Taita Hills
Ghana shantytown
Minnehaha Free State
Mexican colonial proletarias
Peruvian 'barriadas
Tunisian gourbivilles
Indian bus tees
Turkish gecekondu
Venezuelan ranchos
Movements and Uprisings
"If we had surrendered, if we had sold ourselves, we would no longer have been poor, but others would have continued to be so." -Subcomandante Marcos[6]
"People have done horizontal, or non-hierarchical, organization all their lives. It is already there in my culture and the way Palestinian activism has worked." -Beesan Ramadan[7]
"We take inspiration from the Luddites, Levellers, Diggers, the Autonome squatter movement, ALF, the Zapatistas, and the little people -- those mischievous elves of lore." -Earth Liberation Front[8]
Anarchist
Anarchists in the Russian Revolution
Anarchists in the Italian Factory Occupations
Anarchism and the Spanish Revolution
Anarchism in the Mexican Revolution
Modern schools
1911 Lima-Callao general strike
Anti-Authoritarian
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Anarchy in the Russian Revolution
Anarchy in the Haitian Revolution
Cascadia Free State, 1995-6
Cathars, 11th to 14th centuries
English food riots in eighteenth century
English Peasants' Revolt of 1381
Kurdish democratic confederalists
Stop Huntingdon Animal Cruelty
The May-June Revolt in France, 1968
Zone to Defend (ZAD), 2012-present
Autonomous
2007 Lakota declaration of independence
2013 Mi'kmaq anti-fracking struggle
American Revolution and Anarchy
Cuban Revolution and Anarchism
Jewish armed anti-Nazi resistance
Mexican Revolution and Anarchy
Limited
Unsorted
1903 Macedonian revolt
1905–1907 Russian Revolt
1910 Mexican revolution
1960 student revolts
Parisian urban gardeners
Cantonalist Revolt of 1873-1874
Organizations
"SNCC without knowing about anarchism as philosophy embodied the characteristics of anarchism." -Howard Zinn[9]
"The real question at issue is not organization versus non-organization, but rather, what kind of organization. What different kinds of anarchist organizations have in common is that they are developed organically from below, not engineered into existence from above." -Murray Bookchin[10]
Anarchist
Anti-Authoritarian International ("Black International")
Black Mask/ Up Against the Wall Motherfuckers
Free Popular University (Egypt)
Teahouse Labour Union, 11,000 members in 1918
International Workers' Association (IWA)
International Working Men’s Association (IWMA)
Korean Anarchist Communist Federation (KACF)
Korean Anarchist Federation in Manchuria (KAF-M)
National Confederation of Labor (CNT), 2 million members in 1936
Iberian Anarchist Federation (FAI)
Spanish Regional Federation (FRE), 60,000 members in 1873
Chilean Labourers Federation (FTCh), 60,000 members in 1921
Revolutionary Insurgent Army of the Ukraine (RPAU), 110,000 members
All-Russian Confederation of Anarcho-Syndicalists (ARKAS), 88,000 members
Italian Anarchist Union (UAI), 20,000 members
General Confederation of Labor (CGT) (Spain), 60,000 members in 2010s
National Confederation of Labor--France (CNT-F)
Swedish Central Workers' Organisation (SAC), 10,000 members in 1990s
Argentine Regional Workers' Federation of the 5th Congress (FORA-V), 200,000 members in 1919
House of the World Worker (COM), 50,000 members in 1910s
Bleikhman's Petrograd Anarchist Communist Federation (PACF)
Union of Anarcho-Syndicalist Propaganda (MFAG)
Moscow Federation of Anarchist Groups
Black Guards, 1,000 members
Federation of Anarchist-Communists of Bulgaria (FAKB)
Autonomous Action (AD)
Confederation of Anarcho-Syndicalists (KAS)
Confederation of Revolutionary Anarcho-Syndicalists (KRAS)
Revolutionary Confederation of Anarcho-Syndicalists, Nestor Makhno (RKAS-NM), 2,000 members
Indigenous Popular Council of Oaxaca--Ricardo Flores Magnón (CIPO-RFM)
Magónista-Zapatista Alliance (AMZ)
Anarchist Workers' and Students' Group (ASWG)
Awareness League (AL)
Anarchist Resistance Movement (ARM)
Durban Anarchist Federation (DAF)
Zabala Anarchist Communist Front (ZACF)
North-Eastern Federation of Anarcho-Communists (NEFAC)
Common Struggle Libertarian Communist Federation
Common Cause
Libertarian Communist Union
Siberian Confederation of Labor (SKT)
Anarkismo.net
Workers' Solidarity Movement (WSM)
Libertarian Socialist Movement (LSM)
Libertarian Alternative (AL)
International Brotherhood
International Alliance of Socialist Democracy
Anarchist organizations within the International Working Person's Association
Anarchist Federation of the Altai (AFA)
Anarchist Federation of Poland (AFP)
Revolutionary Anarchist Socialist Party (PSAR)
German Anarchist Federation (AFD)
East Asian Anarchist Federation (EAAF)
Anarchist International Relations Commission (CRIA)
Continental Commission of Anarchist Relations (CCRA)
Korean Anarchist Federation's Chinese Exile Section (KAF-C)
Korean Anarchist Federation (KAF)
Durruti Column
Friends of Durruti (AD)
Kronstadt Accords (ZK)
Francophile Anarchist Federation (FAF)
Italian Anarchist Communists (FdCAI)
Anarchist Federation of Britain (AFB)
Japanese Anarchist Federation (JAF)
Spanish Regional Anarchist Organisation (OARE)
Anarchist Communist Alliance
Anarchist Federation
Black Front Society
Libertarian Socialist Council (LSC)
Workers' Solidarity Movement (RRU)
Workers' Solidarity (RR)
Co-ordination of Anarchist Groups
Anarcho-Communist Port-workers' Group (ACAOP)
Anarcho-Syndicalist National Confederation of Labour (ASNKR)
Union of Communist Anarchists (UCAI)
Federation of Communist Anarchists of German (FKAD)
Federation of Anarchist-communist Groups of Poland and Lithuania (FAGPL)
Japanese Anarchist Club (JAC)
Anarchist Federation
Federation of Anarchist Groups of Cuba (FGAC)
Anarchist Black Cross (ABC)
International of Anarchist Federations (IAF)
Iberian Anarchist Federation (FAI)
anarchist faction in Movement of the Revolutionary Left (MIR)
Anarcho-Communist Unification (CUAC)
Libertarian Communist Organisation (OLC)
Uruguayan Anarchist Federation (FAU)
Anarchist Revolutionary Organisation (ORA)
Proletarian Action Anarchists Groups (GAAP)
Italian Anarchist Federation (FAI)
Federation of Communist Anarchists (FdCA)
Polish Anarchist Federation (FA)
Communist League of Anarchists
Anarcho-Syndicalist Federation
Anarchist Federation (AF) / Czech and Slovak Anarchist Federation (CSAF)
Federation of Libertarian Socialists (FFS)
General Delegation of the CNT (CNT-DG)
Venezuelan Regional Workers' Federation (FORV)
Federation of Anarchist Groups of Cuba (FGAC)
Cuban Libertarian Alliance (ALC)
General Confederation of Labor (CGT)
Federation of Anarchist Groups in Cuba (FGAC)
Yunan guerilla campaigns
Bolivian Regional Workers' Confederation (CORB)
Feminine Workers' Federation (FOB)
Revolutionary Popular Organisation 33 (OPR-33)
Libertarian Resistance (RL)
Workers' Liberation Group (Shagila)
The Scream of the People (CHK)
Movement 2 June (M2J)
Angry Brigade (AB)
Direct Action (AD)
Anti-capitalist Autonomous Commandos (KAA)
Left Opposition (LO)
Wiyathi Collective within the Anti-Capitalist Convergence
Anti-Authoritarian
Industrial Workers of the World (IWW)
Libertarian Socialist Institute
Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee
Young Negroes' Cooperative League
Industrial Workers of the World- Chile (IWW-Chile), 25,000 members in 1920
Cuban National Labour Confederation (CNOC), 200,000 members
IWW-Sierra Leonne, 3,240 members
Solidarity Union Democracy (SUD)
European Federation of Alternative Syndicalism (FESAL-E)
General Confederation of Labour (CGT), 230,000 members in 1906
Industrial Union of North and South America (UIANS) (Mexico)
Liberation Army of the South (ELS) (Mexico), 70,000 members
Industrial Syndicalist Education League (ISEL), 150,000 members in 1910s
Irish Transport & General Workers' Union (ITGWU), 12,000 members in 1917
Situationist International
Siberian Industrial Workers of the World (IWW-Siberia), 16,000 members
General Workers' Federation (GFP), 40,000 members
Union of Trade Unions (ZZZ)
Polish Syndicalist Union (ZSP)
Italian Syndicalist Union (USI)
Free Association of German Trade Unions (FvDG), 100,000 members
German Workers' Union of Germany (AAUD), 30,000 members
General Labour Union--Unity Organisation (AAU-E), 75,000 members
American Continental Workingmen's Association (ACAT)
General League of Koreans (HCH)
Libertarian Youth Federation of Iberia (FIJL)
Libertarian Youth (JJLL)
International Revolutionary Syndicalist Federation (FISR)
Syndicalist Workers' Federation (SWF)
Federation of Free Labour Unions (FFLU)
Independent League of Trade Unions (OVB)
IWW Marine Transport Workers' Industrial Union (MTWIU)
Chilean IWW
Ship-building Workers' Federation (FTB)
1951 syndicalist resistance in New Zealand
Industrial and Commercial Union of Southern Rhodesia (ICU yase Rhodesia)
National Convention of Workers (CNT), 400,000 members in 1972
Autonomous Workers' League (AWL)
Autonomous Village Movement (AVM)
Aid Group for the Libertarians and Independent Syndicalists in Cuba (GALSIC)
Autonomous
American Indian Movement and Anarchy
Black Panther Party and Anarchy
Students for a Democratic Society
Weather Underground and Anarchy
Unsorted
Albany Free School
Quechua Farmers School
Universidad Transhumante
Free Stores
Freecycle Network
Critical Resistance
Take Back the Night
No Border Network
Spanish Regional Labour Federation (FTRE)
Pact of Union & Solidarity (PUS)
Spanish Regional Workers' Federation (FORE)
Proletarian Circle (CP)
Grand Circle of Mexican Workers (GCO)
Regional Federation of the Eastern Republic of Uruguay (FRROU)
Worker's Federation (FO)
Artisan's Central Council (JCA)
Labourer's Circle (CT)
Cuban Labour Confederation (CTC)
Central Labor Union (CLU)
Northern Worker's Union (NWU)
Federation of Labour Exchanges (FBT)
1907 International Anarchist Congress
1913 Syndicalist Conference in London
Insurgent Committee of Revolutionary Partisans
National Labour Secretariat (NAS), 18,700 members in 1895
Federation of Freedom-loving Communists (FVC)
Libertarian Communist Organization
Libertarian Alternative
Committee for the Defence of Revolutionary Syndicalism (CDSR), 100,000 members
Trans-Siberian Railway
Industrial Workers of the World-US (IWW-US)
Confederation of Labour Associations (GLH)
Hunan Workers' Association
Black Societies
Wonsan General Trade Union
Free Trade Union
Argentine Regional Workers' Federation (FORA)
Argentine Regional Workers' Confederation (CORA)
Argentine Regional Workers' Federation of the 9th Congress (FORA-IX)
Argentine Libertarian Alliance (ALA)
Resistance Society of the Port-workers of the Capital (SROPC)
Uruguay Regional Workers' Organisation (FORU)
Brazilian Labour Confederation (COB)
Paraguayan Regional Workers' Organisation (FORPa)
Paraguayan Regional Workers' Centre (CORP)
National Revolutionary Alliance (ANR)
Workers' Trade Union Reorganisation Council (CORS)
Havana Labour Federation (FOH)
Cuban Workers' Confederation (CTC)
Chilean Workers' Central (CUT)
Mexican Regional Workers' Organization (FORM), 150,000 members in 1921
General Confederation of Labour (CGT)
Peruvian Regional Workers' Federation (FORPe)
Local Workers' Federation of Lima (FOL)
Colombian Workers' Federation (FOC)
Local Workers' Federation (FOL)
Feminine Workers' Federation
Guayas Workers' Regional Federation (FORG)
Ecuadoran Regional Federation of Labor (FTRE)
National Workers' Union (UON)
General Confederation of Labour (CGT)(Spain), 90,000 members in 1919
National Workers' Union (UON)
General Confederation of Labour (CGT) (Portugal)
Mexican Industrial Workers of the World (IWW-Mexico)
Mexican Liberal Party (PLM)
Industrial Union of North and South America (UIANS)
Liberation Army of the South (ELS)
National Agrarian Party (PNA)
Vlassovden Confederation
Italian Workers' Party (POI)
Free Workers' Union of Germany (FAUD), 120,000 members
North African Libertarian Movement (MLNA)
Korean Youth Federation in South China (KYFSC)
Federation of Free Society Builders (FFSB)
Korean Revolutionary Federation (KRF)
National Confederation of Labour (CNT)
General Italian Workers' Federation (CGIL)
Conference of Labour Unions (CLU)
Federation of Libertarian Socialists (FFS)
Independent League of Trade Unions (OVB)
General Confederation of Labor (CGT) (Cuba)
North African Libertarian Movement (MLNA)
Libertarian Communist International (ICL)
Libertarian Communist Organisation (OCL)
Libertarian Alternative (AL)
Second Escambray Front
Student Revolutionary Directorate (DRE)
Cuban Confederation (CTC)
Anarchists within the 26th of July Movement
Cuban Libertarian Movement in Exile
Swedish Workers' Central Organisation (SAC)
General Confederation of Labour (CGT) (Chile)
National Workers' Unity Movement (MUNT)
Federation of the Provincial Proletariat (Shengwulian)
Worker-Student Resistance (ROE)
Union of Libertarian Communist Workers (UTCL)
Alternative Libertaire
Interior Defense (DI)
First of May Group (GPM)
Iberian Liberation Movement (MIL-GAC)
Groups of International Revolutionary Action (GARI)
Neutralist Tribune
Movement of Revolutionary Communards (MRC)
Free General Workers' Union (SMOT)
Federation of South African Trade Unions (FOSATU)
Black Front Society (KSS)
Everyday Anarchy
''I think we have to talk about educating the people for critical consciousness about what anarchy is. I would also say that, in practice, many more Americans are anarchists than would ever use that term." -bell hooks.[11]
"If there’s a line to get on a crowded bus, do you wait your turn and refrain from elbowing your way past others even in the absence of police? If you answered 'yes', then you are used to acting like an anarchist!" -David Graeber[12]
"How would you feel if you discovered that the society in which you would really like to live was already here, apart from a few little local difficulties like exploitation, war, dictatorship and starvation?" -Colin Ward[13]
Anarchist
Anti-Authoritarian
Participatory
Autonomous
Stonehenge Free Festival, 1972-1985 (one month a year), 30,000 people
Woodstock Festival, 1969, 40,000 people
Vienna Psychoanalytic Society's child guidance service
Horizontal organization in British architecture
Unsorted
Mexican colonial proletarias
Peruvian 'barriadas
Tunisian gourbivilles
Indian bus tees
Turkish gecekondu
Venezuelan ranchos
Prestolee School
Institueion Libre de Enseiianza
Residential College for Students
1960 student revolts
Freetown playground
Skrammellegeplad playgrounds
Robinson Crusoe playgrounds
Brixham fishing cooperative
Brora mining cooperative
Standard tractor factory
Durham worker-managed mines
Gheel mental health care
Synanon
Claimant's Union
Eyes on the street
Nonhuman Anarchy
"Everything is connected, absolutely everything. There are many aboriginal groups that will tell you stories about how all the species in the forests are connected, and many will talk about below-ground networks." -Sm’hayetsk Teresa Ryan[14]
"The basic premise in the ontology of wildness translates into anarchy, where the raison d'etre of everything and everyone - living or non-living, human or nonhuman, child or adult, male, female, intersexual, bisexual, or asexual, whatever the species, ethnicity, or race (all of which are important classifications for civilization only) is simply to be and to enjoy being. In wilderness, the world exists for its own reasons, its space and time uncontrolled, solely its own, regardless of whether it was created by an external divine will or generated through its own exploded forces." - Layla AbdelRahim[15]
"As I watch the Robins and Cedar Waxwings fill their bellies, I see a gift economy in which abundance is stored “in the belly of my brother.” Supporting a thriving bird community is essential to the well-being of the Serviceberry and everyone else up the food chain. That seems especially important to an immobile, long-lived being like a tree, who can’t run away from ruptured relationships. Thriving is possible only if you have nurtured strong bonds with your community."-Robin Wall Kimmerer[16]
" From autocatalytic chemical processes to cells, from living bodies to galaxies, we find a universe filled with structures exhibiting self-organizing dynamics... [A]n atom is a self-organizing system as well. Each atom is a storm of ordered activity. This invisible power assembling the energy into a particular constellation is the atom's identity. A galaxy, too, is an autopoietic system, organizing its stars into a nonequilibrium process and drawing forth new stars from its interstellar materials." -Brian Swimme and Thomas Berry [17]
"The forest has always been my teacher in peace, in diversity in democracy. Diverse life forms, small and large, moving and immobile, above ground and below, with wings, feet or leaves, find their place in the forest. The forest teaches us that in diversity lie the conditions of peace, the realization of democracy." -Vandana Shiva[18]
"If we recognize that every ecosystem can also be viewed as a food web, we can think of it as a circular, interlacing nexus of plant-animal relationships (rather than a stratified pyramid)...Each species, be it a form of bacteria or deer, is knitted together in a network of interdependence. A predator in the web is also prey, even if the 'lowliest' of organisms merely makes it ill or helps to consume it after death." -Murray Bookchin[19]
Animal Societies
Central American squirrel monkey
Earth and Ecology
Evolution of translucent worms
Utricularia-algae-zooplankton feedback
Cosmos, Physics, and Chemistry
Fictional Anarchy
"We live in capitalism, its power seems inescapable – but then, so did the divine right of kings. Any human power can be resisted and changed by human beings." -Ursula K. LeGuin[20]
Anarchist
Anarres (The Dispossessed)
Mars (Mars trilogy)
San Francisco (The Fifth Sacred Thing)
Anti-Authoritarian
Haudenosaunee (The Years of Rice and Salt by Kim Stanley Robinson)
Kesh (Always Coming Home)
Nowhere (News from Nowhere)
The Shire (The Lord of the Rings)
Autonomous
- ↑ Maia Ramnath, Decolonizing Anarchism: An Antiauthoritarian History of India's Liberation Struggle (AK Press, 2011), 6.
- ↑ Silvia Federici, "Global Anarchism: Provocations" in No Gods, No Masters, No Peripheries: Global Anarchisms, ed. Barry Maxwell and Raymond Crib, (Oakland: PM Press, 2015), 350-351.
- ↑ "Gord Hill, Indigenous Artist and Anarchist," Crimethinc, 1 August 2017, https://crimethinc.com/2017/08/01/an-interview-with-gord-hill.
- ↑ David Graeber and David Wengrow, "How to change the course of human history, Eurozine, 2 March 2018, https://www.eurozine.com/change-course-human-history/.
- ↑ Paths in Utopia (Boston: Beacon Press, 1958), ch. 10.
- ↑ Subcomandante Marcos, "Why We Chose the Weapon of Resistance" in Our Word is Our Weapon (New York: Seven Stories Press, 2001), 160.
- ↑ Joshua Stephens, “Palestinian Anarchists in Conversation: Recalibrating anarchism in a colonized country,” Institute for Anarchist Studies, 19 July 2013, http://anarchiststudies.org/2013/07/19/palestinian-anarchists-in-conversation-recalibrating-anarchism-in-a-colonized-country/.
- ↑ https://www.iiipublishing.com/politics/elf.htm.
- ↑ Howard Zinn, "Anarchism Shouldn't Be a Dirty Word," AlterNet, 16 May, 2008, http://www.alternet.org/story/85427/howard_zinn%3A_anarchism_shouldn't_be_a_dirty_word.
- ↑ Murray Bookchin, "Anarchy and Organization", Libcom.org, http://libcom.org/library/anarchy-organization-murray-bookchin.
- ↑ bell hooks, "How Do You Practice Intersectionalism?", The Anarchist Library, https://theanarchistlibrary.org/library/randy-lowens-how-do-you-practice-intersectionalism.
- ↑ David Graeber, "Are You an Anarchist? The Answer May Surprise You!", The Anarchist Library, http://theanarchistlibrary.org/library/david-graeber-are-you-an-anarchist-the-answer-may-surprise-you.
- ↑ Colin Ward, Anarchy Works.
- ↑ Ferris Jabr, "The Social Life of Forests", New York Times, 2 December, 2020, https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/12/02/magazine/tree-communication-mycorrhiza.html.
- ↑ Layla AbdelRahim, Children's Literature, Domestication, and Social Foundation (New York: Routledge, 2015), 3-4.
- ↑ Robin Wall Kimmerer, "The Serviceberry: An Economy of Abundance," Emergence Magazine, 2020, https://emergencemagazine.org/story/the-serviceberry/.
- ↑ Brian Swimme and Thomas Berry, The Universe Story: From the Primordial Flaring Forth to the Ecozoic Era - A Celebration of the Unfolding of the Cosmos (New York: HarperCollins Publishers, 1992), 75.
- ↑ Vandana Shiva, "Foreword" in Derrick Jensen and George Draffan, Strangely Like War: The Global Assault on Forests (White River Junction: Chelsea Green Publishing Company, 2003), vii.
- ↑ Murray Bookchin, The Ecology of Freedom: The Emergence and Dissolution of Hierarchy (Palo Alto: Cheshire Books, 1982), 26.
- ↑ "Ursula K Le Guin's speech at National Book Awards", The Guardian, 20 November 2014, http://www.theguardian.com/books/2014/nov/20/ursula-k-le-guin-national-book-awards-speech.
