https://anarchyinaction.org/index.php?title=Physics_and_anarchy&feed=atom&action=historyPhysics and anarchy - Revision history2024-03-29T09:24:21ZRevision history for this page on the wikiMediaWiki 1.39.3https://anarchyinaction.org/index.php?title=Physics_and_anarchy&diff=5646&oldid=prevDFischer: /* Anarchist themes */2022-06-02T21:18:16Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Anarchist themes</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=Anarchist themes=</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=Anarchist themes=</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">"I almost want to say ''freedom is the goal of the universe''," writes Abdullah Öcalan. According to the incarcerated Kurdish freedom fighter, the spontaneity and diversity of all things indicate a striving for freedom throughout nature. He elaborates, "When I think of the particle-energy duality that is the cornerstone of the universe, I would without hesitation emphasize that energy is freedom [...] Can it be denied that the flutter of the bird in a cage is a flutter for freedom? What other concept could explain the twitter of a nightingale in a cage, more beautiful than any symphony, but the desire for freedom? If we go a step further, don't all of the sounds and colors of the universe make us think of freedom? Can the struggle of women, the first and last slaves, who have experienced the most profound slavery of human society, be explained by anything other than their quest for freedom?"<ref>Abdullah Öcalan, ''The Sociology of Freedom: Manifesto of the Democratic Civilization, Volume III'', translated by Havin Guneser (Oakland: PM Press, 2020), 27.</ref></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Drawing on the science of ecology, the anarchist Murray Bookchin defines “libertarian” with reference to principles he saw in nature: “unity in diversity, spontaneity, and complementary relationships, free from all hierarchy and domination”.<ref>Murray Bookchin, ''The Ecology of Freedom: The Emergence and Dissolution of Hierarchy'' (Palo Alto: Cheshire Books, 1982), 352.</ref> Working from this definition, this article asks whether the universe as understood by contemporary physics displays tendencies that might be considered libertarian. Specifically, it explores whether physics finds the universe to follow these principles of unity in diversity, spontaneity, complementary relationships, and freedom from hierarchy.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Drawing on the science of ecology, the anarchist Murray Bookchin defines “libertarian” with reference to principles he saw in nature: “unity in diversity, spontaneity, and complementary relationships, free from all hierarchy and domination”.<ref>Murray Bookchin, ''The Ecology of Freedom: The Emergence and Dissolution of Hierarchy'' (Palo Alto: Cheshire Books, 1982), 352.</ref> Working from this definition, this article asks whether the universe as understood by contemporary physics displays tendencies that might be considered libertarian. Specifically, it explores whether physics finds the universe to follow these principles of unity in diversity, spontaneity, complementary relationships, and freedom from hierarchy.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>From the perspective of cosmologist Brian Swimme, the universe does follow a similar set of principles. In his books ''The Universe Story'' and ''Journey of the Universe''--coauthored with Thomas Berry and Mary Evelyn Tucker respectively, he says the universe is ordered by (1) differentiation, (2) self-organization, and (3) communion.<ref>Brian Swimme and Thomas Berry, ''The Universe Story: From the Primordial Flaring Forth to the Ecozoric Era'' (San Francisco: HarperSanFrancisco, 1992), 71.</ref> These principles correspond to the first three enumerated above by Bookchin and imply the fourth. The approach of Swimme, and some of the complementary approaches discussed below, arguably presents a picture of a fairly anarchistic universe.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>From the perspective of cosmologist Brian Swimme, the universe does follow a similar set of principles. In his books ''The Universe Story'' and ''Journey of the Universe''--coauthored with Thomas Berry and Mary Evelyn Tucker respectively, he says the universe is ordered by (1) differentiation, (2) self-organization, and (3) communion.<ref>Brian Swimme and Thomas Berry, ''The Universe Story: From the Primordial Flaring Forth to the Ecozoric Era'' (San Francisco: HarperSanFrancisco, 1992), 71.</ref> These principles correspond to the first three enumerated above by Bookchin and imply the fourth. The approach of Swimme, and some of the complementary approaches discussed below, arguably presents a picture of a fairly anarchistic universe.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">"I almost want to say ''freedom is the goal of the universe''," writes Abdullah Öcalan. According to the incarcerated Kurdish freedom fighter, the spontaneity and diversity of all things indicate a striving for freedom throughout nature. He elaborates, "When I think of the particle-energy duality that is the cornerstone of the universe, I would without hesitation emphasize that energy is freedom [...] Can it be denied that the flutter of the bird in a cage is a flutter for freedom? What other concept could explain the twitter of a nightingale in a cage, more beautiful than any symphony, but the desire for freedom? If we go a step further, don't all of the sounds and colors of the universe make us think of freedom? Can the struggle of women, the first and last slaves, who have experienced the most profound slavery of human society, be explained by anything other than their quest for freedom?"<ref>27.</ref></del></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Diversity==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Diversity==</div></td></tr>
</table>DFischerhttps://anarchyinaction.org/index.php?title=Physics_and_anarchy&diff=5644&oldid=prevDFischer at 21:15, 2 June 20222022-06-02T21:15:54Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Before proceeding, it is important to note that there is a danger in extrapolating social ideals from physics, a risk of anthropomorphizing atoms and oversimplifying human societies, of finding false affinities between very different phenomena. Rudolf Rocker implores in ''Nationalism and Culture'' that society has no set of basic scientific laws akin to those followed by basic particles of matter. “The assertion that the destiny of social structures is determinable according to the laws of a so-called 'social physics' is of no greater significance than the claim of those wise women who pretend to be able to read the destinies of man in tea cups or in the lines of the hands,” Rocker writes.<ref>translator Ray E. Chase, Rudolf Rocker, ''Nationalism and Culture'' (New York: Covici Friede Publishers, 1937), 26.</ref> Worse, there is a tendency among some non-scientists to misrepresent physics in order to derive mystical-sounding conclusions. The website ''Rational Wiki'' warns that there is an entire industry of “quantum woo,” defined as “the justification of irrational beliefs by an obfuscatory reference to quantum physics”.<ref>''Rational Wiki'', “Quantum Woo,” http://rationalwiki.org/wiki/Quantum_woo.</ref></div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Before proceeding, it is important to note that there is a danger in extrapolating social ideals from physics, a risk of anthropomorphizing atoms and oversimplifying human societies, of finding false affinities between very different phenomena. Rudolf Rocker implores in ''Nationalism and Culture'' that society has no set of basic scientific laws akin to those followed by basic particles of matter. “The assertion that the destiny of social structures is determinable according to the laws of a so-called 'social physics' is of no greater significance than the claim of those wise women who pretend to be able to read the destinies of man in tea cups or in the lines of the hands,” Rocker writes.<ref>translator Ray E. Chase, Rudolf Rocker, ''Nationalism and Culture'' (New York: Covici Friede Publishers, 1937), 26.</ref> Worse, there is a tendency among some non-scientists to misrepresent physics in order to derive mystical-sounding conclusions. The website ''Rational Wiki'' warns that there is an entire industry of “quantum woo,” defined as “the justification of irrational beliefs by an obfuscatory reference to quantum physics”.<ref>''Rational Wiki'', “Quantum Woo,” http://rationalwiki.org/wiki/Quantum_woo.</ref></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=Anarchist themes=</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=Anarchist themes=</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"> </ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Drawing on the science of ecology, the anarchist Murray Bookchin defines “libertarian” with reference to principles he saw in nature: “unity in diversity, spontaneity, and complementary relationships, free from all hierarchy and domination”.<ref>Murray Bookchin, ''The Ecology of Freedom: The Emergence and Dissolution of Hierarchy'' (Palo Alto: Cheshire Books, 1982), 352.</ref> Working from this definition, this article asks whether the universe as understood by contemporary physics displays tendencies that might be considered libertarian. Specifically, it explores whether physics finds the universe to follow these principles of unity in diversity, spontaneity, complementary relationships, and freedom from hierarchy.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Drawing on the science of ecology, the anarchist Murray Bookchin defines “libertarian” with reference to principles he saw in nature: “unity in diversity, spontaneity, and complementary relationships, free from all hierarchy and domination”.<ref>Murray Bookchin, ''The Ecology of Freedom: The Emergence and Dissolution of Hierarchy'' (Palo Alto: Cheshire Books, 1982), 352.</ref> Working from this definition, this article asks whether the universe as understood by contemporary physics displays tendencies that might be considered libertarian. Specifically, it explores whether physics finds the universe to follow these principles of unity in diversity, spontaneity, complementary relationships, and freedom from hierarchy.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>From the perspective of cosmologist Brian Swimme, the universe does follow a similar set of principles. In his books ''The Universe Story'' and ''Journey of the Universe''--coauthored with Thomas Berry and Mary Evelyn Tucker respectively, he says the universe is ordered by (1) differentiation, (2) self-organization, and (3) communion.<ref>Brian Swimme and Thomas Berry, ''The Universe Story: From the Primordial Flaring Forth to the Ecozoric Era'' (San Francisco: HarperSanFrancisco, 1992), 71.</ref> These principles correspond to the first three enumerated above by Bookchin and imply the fourth. The approach of Swimme, and some of the complementary approaches discussed below, arguably presents a picture of a fairly anarchistic universe.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>From the perspective of cosmologist Brian Swimme, the universe does follow a similar set of principles. In his books ''The Universe Story'' and ''Journey of the Universe''--coauthored with Thomas Berry and Mary Evelyn Tucker respectively, he says the universe is ordered by (1) differentiation, (2) self-organization, and (3) communion.<ref>Brian Swimme and Thomas Berry, ''The Universe Story: From the Primordial Flaring Forth to the Ecozoric Era'' (San Francisco: HarperSanFrancisco, 1992), 71.</ref> These principles correspond to the first three enumerated above by Bookchin and imply the fourth. The approach of Swimme, and some of the complementary approaches discussed below, arguably presents a picture of a fairly anarchistic universe.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">"I almost want to say ''freedom is the goal of the universe''," writes Abdullah Öcalan. According to the incarcerated Kurdish freedom fighter, the spontaneity and diversity of all things indicate a striving for freedom throughout nature. He elaborates, "When I think of the particle-energy duality that is the cornerstone of the universe, I would without hesitation emphasize that energy is freedom [...] Can it be denied that the flutter of the bird in a cage is a flutter for freedom? What other concept could explain the twitter of a nightingale in a cage, more beautiful than any symphony, but the desire for freedom? If we go a step further, don't all of the sounds and colors of the universe make us think of freedom? Can the struggle of women, the first and last slaves, who have experienced the most profound slavery of human society, be explained by anything other than their quest for freedom?"<ref>27.</ref></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Diversity==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Diversity==</div></td></tr>
</table>DFischerhttps://anarchyinaction.org/index.php?title=Physics_and_anarchy&diff=5498&oldid=prevDFischer at 16:04, 11 April 20222022-04-11T16:04:47Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Freya Mathews summarizes that Einstein's scientific worldview saw the universe </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Freya Mathews summarizes that Einstein's scientific worldview saw the universe </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>as an "all-pervasive medium, a medium analogous to a fluid, in which the currents and waves are ‘forces’ and the vortices are ‘matter’. We ourselves are complex ripples propagating in its depths.<ref><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Freya </del>Mathews, ''The Ecological Self'' <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">(London: Routledge, 1999)</del>, 63.</ref></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>as an "all-pervasive medium, a medium analogous to a fluid, in which the currents and waves are ‘forces’ and the vortices are ‘matter’. We ourselves are complex ripples propagating in its depths.<ref>Mathews, ''The Ecological Self'', 63.</ref></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In a 1950 letter to a grieving father, Einstein himself indicated that he saw the universe as holistic, although he did not specify whether or how this view was related to his scientific research:</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In a 1950 letter to a grieving father, Einstein himself indicated that he saw the universe as holistic, although he did not specify whether or how this view was related to his scientific research:</div></td></tr>
</table>DFischerhttps://anarchyinaction.org/index.php?title=Physics_and_anarchy&diff=5497&oldid=prevDFischer: /* Complementary Relationships */2022-04-11T16:03:16Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Complementary Relationships</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Just moments after the Big Bang, particles began bonding and communing with each other. This bonding between particles caused the development of all complex structures in the universe. Swimme and Tucker observe, “Even from the first moments, our universe moved toward creating relationships [...] This bonding is at the heart of matter.”<ref>Swimme and Tucker, ''Journey of the Universe'', ch. 1.</ref></div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Just moments after the Big Bang, particles began bonding and communing with each other. This bonding between particles caused the development of all complex structures in the universe. Swimme and Tucker observe, “Even from the first moments, our universe moved toward creating relationships [...] This bonding is at the heart of matter.”<ref>Swimme and Tucker, ''Journey of the Universe'', ch. 1.</ref></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">As summarized by Freya Mathews, Einstein's General Relativity Theory views the universe as "a single, cosmic field."<ref>Freya Mathews, ''The Ecological Self'' (London: Routledge, 1991), 39.</ref> For more, see the section on "Holistic Implications of Relativity."</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In the words of physicist David Bohm, “The inseparable quantum interconnectedness of the whole universe is the fundamental reality.”<ref>Herbert, ''Quantum Reality'', 18.</ref> Several strands of research, explored throughout this article, support this view of interconnectedness. Particles on opposite sides of the universe are sometimes “entangled” with each other, meaning that the direction one spins affects the direction the other spins. According to the Many-Worlds explanations of quantum physics, a subatomic movement anywhere in the universe can instantly create a copy of the rest of the universe. Path integral formation says that each quantum-scale particle travels everywhere in space-time all the time, creating a giant cosmic dance connecting all things to each other. The uncertainty principle has convinced scientists that there is no way to definitively determine where one object ends and another begins, and thus the universe must be understood as an assortment of interrelated processes rather than an assortment of separate things. Chaos theory shows how small actions can have dramatic effects in distant places, further demonstrating an interconnectedness of all things.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In the words of physicist David Bohm, “The inseparable quantum interconnectedness of the whole universe is the fundamental reality.”<ref>Herbert, ''Quantum Reality'', 18.</ref> Several strands of research, explored throughout this article, support this view of interconnectedness. Particles on opposite sides of the universe are sometimes “entangled” with each other, meaning that the direction one spins affects the direction the other spins. According to the Many-Worlds explanations of quantum physics, a subatomic movement anywhere in the universe can instantly create a copy of the rest of the universe. Path integral formation says that each quantum-scale particle travels everywhere in space-time all the time, creating a giant cosmic dance connecting all things to each other. The uncertainty principle has convinced scientists that there is no way to definitively determine where one object ends and another begins, and thus the universe must be understood as an assortment of interrelated processes rather than an assortment of separate things. Chaos theory shows how small actions can have dramatic effects in distant places, further demonstrating an interconnectedness of all things.</div></td></tr>
</table>DFischerhttps://anarchyinaction.org/index.php?title=Physics_and_anarchy&diff=5496&oldid=prevDFischer: /* Holistic implications of relativity? */2022-04-11T15:59:15Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Holistic implications of relativity?</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Holistic implications of relativity?==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Holistic implications of relativity?==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Freya Mathews summarizes that Einstein's scientific worldview saw the universe </ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">as an "all-pervasive medium, a medium analogous to a fluid, in which the currents and waves are ‘forces’ and the vortices are ‘matter’. We ourselves are complex ripples propagating in its depths.<ref>Freya Mathews, ''The Ecological Self'' (London: Routledge, 1999), 63.</ref></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In a 1950 letter to a grieving father, Einstein himself indicated that he saw the universe as holistic, although he did not specify whether or how this view was related to his scientific research:</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In a 1950 letter to a grieving father, Einstein himself indicated that he saw the universe as holistic, although he did not specify whether or how this view was related to his scientific research:</div></td></tr>
</table>DFischerhttps://anarchyinaction.org/index.php?title=Physics_and_anarchy&diff=5202&oldid=prevDFischer: /* Diversity */2021-07-22T14:46:49Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Diversity</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Diversity==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Diversity==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>According to Brian Swimme and Thomas Berry, the universe has tended to move toward ever-increasing diversity of things and beings. First, there was a "fireball." Then there emerged the universe, then stars, then planets, then very simple life forms, then more complex life forms, then human societies. There is tremendous diversity among galaxies, among planets, among species, among communities. "There has never been a time when the universe did not seek further differentiation<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">. In the beginning all the particles interacted with each other with minimal distinction</del>."<ref>Swimme and Berry, ''The Universe Story'', 73.</ref></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>According to Brian Swimme and Thomas Berry, the universe has tended to move toward ever-increasing diversity of things and beings. First, there was a "fireball." Then there emerged the universe, then stars, then planets, then very simple life forms, then more complex life forms, then human societies. There is tremendous diversity among galaxies, among planets, among species, among communities. "There has never been a time when the universe did not seek further differentiation."<ref>Swimme and Berry, ''The Universe Story'', 73.</ref></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The biologist Stuart Kauffman argues, in ''Humanity in a Creative Universe'', that the universe is nonergodic, or non-repeating, meaning that the universe's physical and chemical particles assemble in increasingly complex ways: "Briefly, as more complex things and linked processes are created, and can combine with one another in ever more new ways to make yet more complex amalgrams of things and processes, the space of possible things and linked processes becomes vastly larger and the universe has not had time to make all the possibilities."<ref>Stuart Kauffman, ''Humanity in a Creative Universe'' (Oxford: University of Oxford Press, 2016), 41.</ref></div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The biologist Stuart Kauffman argues, in ''Humanity in a Creative Universe'', that the universe is nonergodic, or non-repeating, meaning that the universe's physical and chemical particles assemble in increasingly complex ways: "Briefly, as more complex things and linked processes are created, and can combine with one another in ever more new ways to make yet more complex amalgrams of things and processes, the space of possible things and linked processes becomes vastly larger and the universe has not had time to make all the possibilities."<ref>Stuart Kauffman, ''Humanity in a Creative Universe'' (Oxford: University of Oxford Press, 2016), 41.</ref></div></td></tr>
</table>DFischerhttps://anarchyinaction.org/index.php?title=Physics_and_anarchy&diff=5200&oldid=prevDFischer at 00:09, 15 June 20212021-06-15T00:09:10Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Peter Kropotkin thought that the Newtonian worldview had a certain anarchistic potential, particularly in how in described the world without recourse to religious concepts.<ref>Peter Kropotkin, ''Modern Science and Anarchism'', trans. David A. Modell, ''Anarchist Library'', 2012, https://theanarchistlibrary.org/library/petr-kropotkin-modern-science-and-anarchism.</ref> However, Errico Malateta criticized Kropotkin's argument as naive and unconvincing, since the <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">portrayal </del>of human beings as merely complicated machines did not leave much room for free will and consequent ethical ideals of freedom.<ref>Errico Malatesta, "Peter Kropotkin: Recollections and Criticisms by One of His Old Friends," trans. Max Nettlau in ed. Davide Turcato, ''The Method of Freedom: An Errico Malatesta Reader'' (Oakland: AK Press, 2014), 516-517.</ref></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Peter Kropotkin thought that the Newtonian worldview had a certain anarchistic potential, particularly in how in described the world without recourse to religious concepts.<ref>Peter Kropotkin, ''Modern Science and Anarchism'', trans. David A. Modell, ''Anarchist Library'', 2012, https://theanarchistlibrary.org/library/petr-kropotkin-modern-science-and-anarchism.</ref> However, Errico Malateta criticized Kropotkin's argument as naive and unconvincing, since the <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Newtonian conception </ins>of human beings as merely complicated machines did not leave much room for free will and consequent ethical ideals of freedom.<ref>Errico Malatesta, "Peter Kropotkin: Recollections and Criticisms by One of His Old Friends," trans. Max Nettlau in ed. Davide Turcato, ''The Method of Freedom: An Errico Malatesta Reader'' (Oakland: AK Press, 2014), 516-517.</ref></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Before proceeding, it is important to note that there is a danger in extrapolating social ideals from physics, a risk of anthropomorphizing atoms and oversimplifying human societies, of finding false affinities between very different phenomena. Rudolf Rocker implores in ''Nationalism and Culture'' that society has no set of basic scientific laws akin to those followed by basic particles of matter. “The assertion that the destiny of social structures is determinable according to the laws of a so-called 'social physics' is of no greater significance than the claim of those wise women who pretend to be able to read the destinies of man in tea cups or in the lines of the hands,” Rocker writes.<ref>translator Ray E. Chase, Rudolf Rocker, ''Nationalism and Culture'' (New York: Covici Friede Publishers, 1937), 26.</ref> Worse, there is a tendency among some non-scientists to misrepresent physics in order to derive mystical-sounding conclusions. The website ''Rational Wiki'' warns that there is an entire industry of “quantum woo,” defined as “the justification of irrational beliefs by an obfuscatory reference to quantum physics”.<ref>''Rational Wiki'', “Quantum Woo,” http://rationalwiki.org/wiki/Quantum_woo.</ref></div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Before proceeding, it is important to note that there is a danger in extrapolating social ideals from physics, a risk of anthropomorphizing atoms and oversimplifying human societies, of finding false affinities between very different phenomena. Rudolf Rocker implores in ''Nationalism and Culture'' that society has no set of basic scientific laws akin to those followed by basic particles of matter. “The assertion that the destiny of social structures is determinable according to the laws of a so-called 'social physics' is of no greater significance than the claim of those wise women who pretend to be able to read the destinies of man in tea cups or in the lines of the hands,” Rocker writes.<ref>translator Ray E. Chase, Rudolf Rocker, ''Nationalism and Culture'' (New York: Covici Friede Publishers, 1937), 26.</ref> Worse, there is a tendency among some non-scientists to misrepresent physics in order to derive mystical-sounding conclusions. The website ''Rational Wiki'' warns that there is an entire industry of “quantum woo,” defined as “the justification of irrational beliefs by an obfuscatory reference to quantum physics”.<ref>''Rational Wiki'', “Quantum Woo,” http://rationalwiki.org/wiki/Quantum_woo.</ref></div></td></tr>
</table>DFischerhttps://anarchyinaction.org/index.php?title=Physics_and_anarchy&diff=5045&oldid=prevDFischer: /* Many Worlds Interpretation */2020-02-06T04:02:38Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Many Worlds Interpretation</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Although Bell's theorem does not apply to the Many Worlds Interpretation, Everett's worldview still implies an interconnectedness of things across the universe. Nick Herbert elaborates:</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Although Bell's theorem does not apply to the Many Worlds Interpretation, Everett's worldview still implies an interconnectedness of things across the universe. Nick Herbert elaborates:</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><blockquote></div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><blockquote></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Although Bell's theorem does not apply to an Everett-style universe, there's plenty of non-locality without it. </del>Any model of reality in which a tiny event in the Andromeda galaxy can instantly split my reality into thousands of Xerox copies cannot by any stretch of the imagination be called 'local.'<ref>Herbert, ''Quantum Reality'', 242.</ref></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Any model of reality in which a tiny event in the Andromeda galaxy can instantly split my reality into thousands of Xerox copies cannot by any stretch of the imagination be called 'local.'<ref>Herbert, ''Quantum Reality'', 242.</ref></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div></blockquote></div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div></blockquote></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The Everett worldview has some poetic affinities with the Zapatistas' concept of “a world where many worlds fit” and the alter-globalization slogan “another world is possible”. It also allows for the ''anthropic principle'' to explain plausibly how the universe developed the specific conditions for life without divine intervention. See further discussion on the multiverse in the section on “A multiverse without Gods or masters” and in the section on M theory.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The Everett worldview has some poetic affinities with the Zapatistas' concept of “a world where many worlds fit” and the alter-globalization slogan “another world is possible”. It also allows for the ''anthropic principle'' to explain plausibly how the universe developed the specific conditions for life without divine intervention. See further discussion on the multiverse in the section on “A multiverse without Gods or masters” and in the section on M theory.</div></td></tr>
</table>DFischerhttps://anarchyinaction.org/index.php?title=Physics_and_anarchy&diff=5044&oldid=prevDFischer: /* Complementary Relationships */2020-02-06T03:34:16Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Complementary Relationships</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Just moments after the Big Bang, particles began bonding and communing with each other. This bonding between particles caused the development of all complex structures in the universe. Swimme and Tucker observe, “Even from the first moments, our universe moved toward creating relationships [...] This bonding is at the heart of matter.”<ref>Swimme and Tucker, ''Journey of the Universe'', ch. 1.</ref></div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Just moments after the Big Bang, particles began bonding and communing with each other. This bonding between particles caused the development of all complex structures in the universe. Swimme and Tucker observe, “Even from the first moments, our universe moved toward creating relationships [...] This bonding is at the heart of matter.”<ref>Swimme and Tucker, ''Journey of the Universe'', ch. 1.</ref></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In the words of physicist David Bohm, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">"</del>“The inseparable quantum interconnectedness of the whole universe is the fundamental reality.”<ref>Herbert, ''Quantum Reality'', 18.</ref> Several strands of research, explored throughout this article, support this view of interconnectedness. Particles on opposite sides of the universe are sometimes “entangled” with each other, meaning that the direction one spins affects the direction the other spins. According to the Many-Worlds explanations of quantum physics, a subatomic movement anywhere in the universe can instantly create a copy of the rest of the universe. Path integral formation says that each quantum-scale particle travels everywhere in space-time all the time, creating a giant cosmic dance connecting all things to each other. The uncertainty principle has convinced scientists that there is no way to definitively determine where one object ends and another begins, and thus the universe must be understood as an assortment of interrelated processes rather than an assortment of separate things. Chaos theory shows how small actions can have dramatic effects in distant places, further demonstrating an interconnectedness of all things.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In the words of physicist David Bohm, “The inseparable quantum interconnectedness of the whole universe is the fundamental reality.”<ref>Herbert, ''Quantum Reality'', 18.</ref> Several strands of research, explored throughout this article, support this view of interconnectedness. Particles on opposite sides of the universe are sometimes “entangled” with each other, meaning that the direction one spins affects the direction the other spins. According to the Many-Worlds explanations of quantum physics, a subatomic movement anywhere in the universe can instantly create a copy of the rest of the universe. Path integral formation says that each quantum-scale particle travels everywhere in space-time all the time, creating a giant cosmic dance connecting all things to each other. The uncertainty principle has convinced scientists that there is no way to definitively determine where one object ends and another begins, and thus the universe must be understood as an assortment of interrelated processes rather than an assortment of separate things. Chaos theory shows how small actions can have dramatic effects in distant places, further demonstrating an interconnectedness of all things.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>This relatedness of all things could have either authoritarian or libertarian interpretations, depending on the type of relatedness. It is authoritarian if it entirely merges the individual into the universe, sacrificing individuality. It can be anti-authoritarian, however, if it is based in unity in diversity and thus strengthens both the individual and the whole at the same time.<ref>Bookchin, ''The Ecology of Freedom'', 352.</ref> Contemporary physics, it could be argued, represents the latter, libertarian possibility. The interconnections of the universe do not imply a conformity of objects. To the contrary, findings suggest that since the Big Bang, the ever-expanding universe has constantly been forming different objects, relations, and spawning a nearly infinite variety of parallel worlds.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>This relatedness of all things could have either authoritarian or libertarian interpretations, depending on the type of relatedness. It is authoritarian if it entirely merges the individual into the universe, sacrificing individuality. It can be anti-authoritarian, however, if it is based in unity in diversity and thus strengthens both the individual and the whole at the same time.<ref>Bookchin, ''The Ecology of Freedom'', 352.</ref> Contemporary physics, it could be argued, represents the latter, libertarian possibility. The interconnections of the universe do not imply a conformity of objects. To the contrary, findings suggest that since the Big Bang, the ever-expanding universe has constantly been forming different objects, relations, and spawning a nearly infinite variety of parallel worlds.</div></td></tr>
</table>DFischerhttps://anarchyinaction.org/index.php?title=Physics_and_anarchy&diff=5025&oldid=prevDFischer at 23:22, 31 October 20192019-10-31T23:22:15Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Physics, the science of matter and energy, has offered a range of political implications as a discipline, from authoritarian to anarchist. On the authoritarian end, classical physicists have employed mechanistic philosophies to describe human and nonhuman nature as basically <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">complicated and </del>manipulable machines. Modern physicists have developed technologies of war and control, most notably the nuclear <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">bomb </del>and nuclear power. Today, some physicists work on other catastrophic and authoritarian technologies such as geoengineering and nanotechnology. Still, physics arguably has <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">a deeply </del>anarchist side that finds self-organization embedded throughout <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">nature</del>.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Physics, the science of matter and energy, has offered a range of political implications as a discipline, from authoritarian to anarchist. On the authoritarian end, classical physicists have employed mechanistic philosophies to describe human and nonhuman nature as basically manipulable machines. Modern physicists have developed technologies of war and control, most notably the <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">intertwined technologies of </ins>nuclear <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">weaponry </ins>and nuclear power. Today, some physicists work on other catastrophic and authoritarian technologies such as geoengineering and nanotechnology. Still, physics arguably has <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">an </ins>anarchist side that finds self-organization <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">and cooperation </ins>embedded throughout <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">the cosmos</ins>.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Some anarchists have found inspiration in findings in post-Newtonian physics that suggest the universe may be much more self-organizing, spontaneous, and interconnected than <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">classical </del>Newtonian physics suggested. The theory of general relativity can be seen as a blow to the Newtonian worldview of a <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">"</del>dead,<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">" </del>mechanistic universe that, as science historian Carolyn Merchant has pointed out, helped capitalists rationalize the exploitation and colonization of nature.<ref>Carolyn Merchant, ''The Death of Nature: Women, Ecology and the Scientific Revolution'' (San Francisco: Harper & Row, 1980).</ref> Scientists have found self-organization in the supposedly inanimate world, everywhere from cloud formations to the formation of galaxies. The unpredictability of quantum mechanics arguably provides a better grounding for free will than predictable Newtonian mechanics did. Theories of a multiverse (multiple universes) offer non-theistic explanations for why our solar system and universe are so conveniently suited for life, without making recourse to any Creator dominating over the cosmos. Chaos theory has caught the attention of anarchists interested in the universe's spontaneity and unpredictability. Such findings and theories in modern physics provide compelling metaphors, at least, for those interested in mutual aid, sustainability, and horizontal societies.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Some anarchists have found inspiration in findings in post-Newtonian physics that suggest the universe may be much more self-organizing, spontaneous, and interconnected than Newtonian physics suggested. The theory of general relativity can be seen as a blow to the Newtonian worldview of a dead, mechanistic universe that, as science historian Carolyn Merchant has pointed out, helped capitalists rationalize the exploitation and colonization of nature.<ref>Carolyn Merchant, ''The Death of Nature: Women, Ecology and the Scientific Revolution'' (San Francisco: Harper & Row, 1980).</ref> Scientists have found self-organization in the supposedly inanimate world, everywhere from cloud formations to the formation of galaxies. The unpredictability of quantum mechanics arguably provides a better grounding for free will than predictable Newtonian mechanics did. Theories of a multiverse (multiple universes) offer non-theistic explanations for why our solar system and universe are so conveniently suited for life, without making recourse to any Creator dominating over the cosmos. Chaos theory has caught the attention of anarchists interested in the universe's spontaneity and unpredictability. Such findings and theories in modern physics provide compelling metaphors, at least, for those interested in mutual aid, sustainability, and horizontal societies.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Social philosophies in every age draw from the physics of their time, as the physicist Nick Herbert explains:</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Social philosophies in every age draw from the physics of their time, as the physicist Nick Herbert explains:</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Spontaneity==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Spontaneity==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The universe's physical structures self-organize, creating spontaneous orders such as the oscillations of electromagnetic waves and the formation of stars and planets. Heisenberg's uncertainty principle, a central tenet of quantum mechanics, shows that events cannot be definitively predicted in advance, and therefore, humans are never entirely slaves to a predetermined destiny. Even at the level of subatomic particles, the spontaenity of movement might suggest a sort of freedom, as the physicist Richard Feynman reportedly noted, the electron "does anything it likes."<ref>David Graeber, "What's the Point if We Can't Have Fun?," ''The Baffler'', January 2014, http://thebaffler.com/salvos/whats-the-point-if-we-cant-have-fun.</ref> </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The universe's physical structures self-organize, creating spontaneous orders such as the oscillations of electromagnetic waves and the formation of stars and planets. Heisenberg's uncertainty principle, a central tenet of quantum mechanics, shows that events cannot be definitively predicted in advance, and therefore, humans are never entirely slaves to a predetermined destiny. Even at the level of subatomic particles, the spontaenity of movement might suggest a sort of freedom, as the physicist Richard Feynman reportedly noted, the electron "does anything it likes."<ref>David Graeber, "What's the Point if We Can't Have Fun?," ''The Baffler'', January 2014, http://thebaffler.com/salvos/whats-the-point-if-we-cant-have-fun<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">.</ref> See the section below on quantum physics for elaboration on these princples.</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">When subatomic particles collide, they often transform in bizarre and creative ways. Attributing a playful creativity to these particles, the physicist Fritjof Capra argues, "all matter, whether here on Earth or in outer space, is involved in a continual cosmic dance."<ref>Fritjof Capra, ''The Tao of Physics: An Exploration of the Parallels between Modern Physics and Eastern Mysticism'' (Boston: Shambhala, 2000), 241</ins>.</ref></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Swimme and Mary Evelyn Tucker describe the universe's development as a story of self-organization and increasing complexity, from the spontaneous emergence of galaxies to the spontaneous evolution of life. They write:</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Swimme and Mary Evelyn Tucker describe the universe's development as a story of self-organization and increasing complexity, from the spontaneous emergence of galaxies to the spontaneous evolution of life. They write:</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l205">Line 205:</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics says that “there is no deep reality” prior to measurement and that it is the act of measurement “collapses” the wavefunction of an object into a definite state. It is measurement, then, that makes the cat either dead or alive.<ref>Herbert, ''Quantum Reality'', 16.</ref> N. David Mermin explains the implication, “we now know that the moon is not there when nobody looks.”<ref>Herbert, ''Quantum Reality'', 17.</ref></div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics says that “there is no deep reality” prior to measurement and that it is the act of measurement “collapses” the wavefunction of an object into a definite state. It is measurement, then, that makes the cat either dead or alive.<ref>Herbert, ''Quantum Reality'', 16.</ref> N. David Mermin explains the implication, “we now know that the moon is not there when nobody looks.”<ref>Herbert, ''Quantum Reality'', 17.</ref></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In his <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">controversial </del>1975 book ''The Tao of Physics'', physicist Fritjof Capra used the Copenhagen interpretation to argue that everything in the universe is connected. The core of his argument rests on the uncertainty principle. Since no one object can exist in a non-quantum state without being observed, Capra argues, no object can be understood in isolation from other the observer.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In his 1975 book ''The Tao of Physics'', physicist Fritjof Capra used the Copenhagen interpretation to argue that everything in the universe is connected. The core of his argument rests on the uncertainty principle. Since no one object can exist in a non-quantum state without being observed, Capra argues, no object can be understood in isolation from other the observer.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><blockquote></div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><blockquote></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Quantum theory thus reveals an essential interconnectedness of the universe. It shows that we cannot decompose the world into independently existing smaller units. As we penetrate into matter, we find that it is made of particles, but these are not the 'basic building blocks' in the sense of Democritus and Newton. They are merely idealizations which are useful from a practical point of view, but have no fundamental significance. In the words of Neils Bohr, 'Isolated material particles are abstractions, their properties being definable and observable only through their interactions with other systems.<ref><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Fritjof </del>Capra, ''The Tao of Physics<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">: An Exploration of the Parallels between Modern Physics and Eastern Mysticism</del>'' <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">(Boston: Shambhala, 2000)</del>, 137.</ref></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Quantum theory thus reveals an essential interconnectedness of the universe. It shows that we cannot decompose the world into independently existing smaller units. As we penetrate into matter, we find that it is made of particles, but these are not the 'basic building blocks' in the sense of Democritus and Newton. They are merely idealizations which are useful from a practical point of view, but have no fundamental significance. In the words of Neils Bohr, 'Isolated material particles are abstractions, their properties being definable and observable only through their interactions with other systems.<ref>Capra, ''The Tao of Physics'', 137.</ref></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div></blockquote></div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div></blockquote></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
</table>DFischer