Early Israelites

Rebelling against bureaucratic city-states, the early Israelites established a tribal society that, while extremely patriarchal, had otherwise egalitarian and decentralized features for about three hundred years until they established a monarchy in the tenth century BCE. For “These early Israelites had no temple, no city, no king,” writes the Catholic Worker theologian Laurel Dyksta.

Israelites emerged as a distinct nation by 1220 BCE, according to a monument erected by Pharaoh Mernaptha, the earliest mention of Israelites outside of the Bible. Although the Old Testament describes an exodus of Israelite slaves from Egypt into Canaan,. archaeological findings contradicts the biblical account. Cities said to have been destroyed by the Israelites were actually destroyed long before the Israelites are said to have arrived in Canaan. There is no evidence that Israelites were in Egypt, or that masses of slaves left Egypt. Some scholars say, therefore, that the Israelites were actually dissident Canaanite farmers and herders who were sick of obeying and paying tribute to city-state rulers.

Norman K. Gottwald, a sociologist and biblical scholar, argues that the Israelites were indigenous Canaanites who rebelled against their rulers and creditors: “All the evidence for early Israel points to its tribalism as a self-constructed instrument of resistance and of decentralized self-rule”. Early Israelites had no taxes, no rent, and no interest. People had “approximately equal access” to basic resources. Israel had “no specialized political offices” Political structures included extended families and their protective associations called mispahot, a citizen army, the ritual congregation, the landless Levite priests, and the Rechabite metal specialists.

“Resistance, in the ancient Middle East, was always less a politics of rebellion than a politics of exodus, of melting away with one's flocks and families—often before both were taken away,” notes David Graeber. He later adds, “The world's Holy Books—the Old and New Testaments, the Koran, religious literature from the Middle Ages to this day—echo this voice of rebellion, combining contempt for corrupt urban life, suspicion of the merchant, and often, intense misogyny.”