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__NOTOC__
'''<big>Welcome to AnarchyinAction.org!</big>'''
'''<big>Welcome to AnarchyinAction.org!</big>'''


A work-in-progress, AnarchyinAction.org will be a resource for anyone to research and write about how and when societies, communities, institutions, rebellions, movements and other social phenomena can function in the absence of coercive hierarchies--and how and when they can not. '''''Anarchy''''', coming from the Greek words ''an'' (without) and ''archos'' (ruler) refers to a situation without rulers, without domination. We have collected hundreds of examples of anarchy in practice, many of them from the following works:
[[File:Spreadanarchy.png]]
 
<blockquote>
 
[[An Anarchist FAQ]] (excerpt)
 
[[Anarchy in Action]] by Colin Ward
 
[[Anarchy Works]] by Peter Gelderloos
 
[[Cartography of Revolutionary Anarchism]] by Michael Schmidt
 
[[Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution]] by Peter Kropotkin
 
[[People_Without_Government:_An_Anthropology_of_Anarchy|People Without Government: An Anthropology of Anarchy]] by Harold Barclay
 
[[The Politics of Social Ecology: Libertarian Municipalism]] by Janet Biehl with Murray Bookchin (excerpt)
 
</blockquote>
 
We sort these examples into four main categories. '''''Anarchism''''' refers to a political theory and practice that arose in the 19th century, aimed at abolishing coercive hierarchy and establishing a libertarian socialist society in its place. '''''Anti-authoritarianism''''' refers to a broader category of politics including groups such as the Wobblies and Zapatistas that oppose coercive hierarchy but do not call themselves anarchists. Third, a '''''participatory''''' category includes examples such as ancient Athens where anarchy is extended to many but not to all or even necessarily to most of society. Participatory politics encompasses anti-authoritarianism, which encompasses anarchism. Finally, the '''''autonomous''''' category refers to self-governed communities that shift power relations in a decentralized direction, including examples like the Paris Commune, which fell short of participatory governance.
 
In addition to the examples of anarchy in action, we created two additional categories, more or less for fun. In a nod to the naturalist Peter Kropotkin who saw cooperative activity as a factor of evolution, we add ''nonhuman anarchy'' to explore power relations in animal and ecological communities. Second, we add the category of ''fictional anarchy'', which would include the planet Annares from Ursula K. LeGuin's novel ''The Dispossessed''.
 
We do not claim to have conclusive evidence that anarchy is possible in all situations. Nor do we deny humans' innate potential for hierarchy and indeed for extreme cruelty. We present this resource as an attempt for curious and open-minded people to collaboratively explore the question of whether a horizontally-run world is possible and what this world might look like.
 
AnarchyinAction.org is a project of [http://www.capitalismvsclimate.org Capitalism vs. the Climate] and of our friends at [https://getlibre.org/ Get Libre] and elsewhere. If you would like to get involved, please email dfischer@riseup.net.
 
 
 
=Examples from [[An Anarchist FAQ]]=
 
[[Paris Commune]]
 
The Haymarket Martyrs
 
Building the Syndicalist Unions
 
Anarchists in the Russian Revolution
 
Anarchists in the Italian Factory Occupations
 
[[Spanish Revolution|Anarchism and the Spanish Revolution]]
 
The May-June Revolt in France, 1968
 
=Examples from [[Anarchy in Action]]=


[[Squatters' Protection Society]]


[[Woodstock Festival]]
[[File:Abolishthepolice.jpg|thumb|[https://www.anarchistagency.com/commentary/this-is-anarchy-eight-ways-the-black-lives-matter-and-justice-for-george-floyd-uprisings-reflect-anarchist-ideas-in-action/]]]


[[Pioneer Health Centre]]


[[Little Commonwealth]]
AnarchyinAction.org is a resource for anyone to research and write about how and when anarchy can work. '''''Anarchy''''', coming from the Greek words ''an'' (without) and ''archos'' (ruler) refers to a situation without domination, without coercive hierarchy. Here are many examples of anarchy in practice. By looking for anarchy well beyond the self-proclaimed anarchist movements (although we're interested in those too!), we respond, for example, to Maia Ramnath's call in ''Decolonizing Anarchism'' to "locate the Western anarchist tradition as one contextually specific manifestation among a larger-indeed global-tradition of antiauthoritarian, egal­itarian thought/praxis".<ref>Maia Ramnath, ''Decolonizing Anarchism: An Antiauthoritarian History of India's Liberation Struggle'' (AK Press, 2011), 6.</ref> We take our name from Colin Ward's 1973 book ''[[Anarchy in Action]]''.


[[Vienna Psychoanalytic Society's child guidance service]]
This wiki is done entirely by volunteers, and we encourage you to check our work and help us to constantly improve it. If you see misinformation, please contact us right away so that we can either fix it or assist you in setting up an account so you can edit the page directly. See the [[About]] page for more information. Additionally, if you are a member of an organization or another group described on this website, please feel free to send us information on current campaigns, and we will include it so that our readers will know how to get involved or participate in solidarity efforts.


[[Prague Spring]]
[[File:Nofreedom.webp|thumb|Anarchist banners at World Conference Against Racism, Durban, 2001.[https://thisisafrica.me/politics-and-society/ways-of-life-3-indigenous-anarchism/]]]
[[Hungarian Revolution of 1956]]


[[Anarchism in the Cuban Revolution]]
[[File:Fifthsacredthing.webp|thumb|"Fifth Sacred Thing" by Jessica Perlstein, portraying [[San Francisco (The Fifth Sacred Thing)]].]]


[[Spanish Revolution]]
[[File:Clifford-harper-alternative-dream.png|thumb|Clifford Harper portrays an anarchist commune in ''Radical Technology'']]


[[Horizontal organization in British architecture]]
[[File:Apple Harvest by Camille Pissarro.jpg|thumb|Les chataigniers a Osny (1888) by anarchist painter Camille Pissarro.]]


Work democracy
[[File:Weiße Dame Brandberg.JPG|thumb|ancient [[San]] artwork]]


[[Tiv people]]
[[File:Whoever.jpg|thumb|[https://www.anarchistagency.com/critical-voices/david-damato-what-is-anarchism/]]]


[[Dinka people]]


[[Human brain]]
=Societies=


[[Global postal service]]
''"Once we leave Europe, in fact, we discover that statelessness and the desire for self-government are not eternally receding utopias, but are principles that for millennia have structured communities in every part of the world."'' -Silvia Federici<ref> Silvia Federici, "Global Anarchism: Provocations" in ''No Gods, No Masters, No Peripheries: Global Anarchisms'', ed. Barry Maxwell and Raymond Crib, (Oakland: PM Press, 2015), 350-351.</ref>
 
[[International railways]]


Swiss confederation
''"[T]here are also concepts such as anti-authoritarian or egalitarian forms of organizing. Although this differs in degrees from one Indigenous nation to another, it is, overall, a fairly strong part of our traditional culture (with some exceptions)."'' -Gord Hill<ref>"Gord Hill, Indigenous Artist and Anarchist," ''Crimethinc'', 1 August 2017, https://crimethinc.com/2017/08/01/an-interview-with-gord-hill.</ref>


[[Spies for Peace]]
''"Egalitarian cities, even regional confederacies, are historically quite commonplace."''-David Graeber and David Wengrow<ref>David Graeber and David Wengrow, "How to change the course of human history,'' ''Eurozine'', 2 March 2018, https://www.eurozine.com/change-course-human-history/.</ref>


[[Swiss city planning]]


[[Medieval commune]]
==Anarchist==


[[Anarchy in the American Revolution]]
[[File:Makhno group.jpg|thumbnail| Nestor Makhno with members of the anarchist [[Revolutionary Ukraine|Revolutionary Insurrectionary Army of Ukraine]]]]


New England Town Meetings
[[File:Korea001.jpg|thumbnail|[[Shinmin Prefecture]]]]


Mexican ''colonial proletarias''
[[File:S-d-jpeg-12.jpeg|thumbnail|Collectivized textile factory in Barcelona, [[Revolutionary Spain|Spain]]. From Sam Dolgoff's ''The Anarchist Collectives''.]]
 
Peruvian 'barriadas''
 
Tunisian ''gourbivilles''
 
Indian ''bus tees''
 
Turkish ''gecekondu''
 
Venezuelan ''ranchos''
 
[[King Hill hostel squat]]


[[Sexual revolution]]
[[Revolutionary Spain]], 1936-9, 3.2 million people


Prestolee School
[[Revolutionary Ukraine]], 1918-1921, 7 million people


Institueion Libre de Enseiianza
[[Shinmin Prefecture]], 1929-1931, 2 million people


Residential College for Students


1960 student revolts
==Anti-Authoritarian==


[[Emdrup playground]]
[[File:IMG_0497.JPG|thumbnail| [[Zapatista-run Chiapas]]]]


Freetown playground
[[File:Rojava_Sewing_Cooperative.jpg|thumbnail|[[Kurdistan democratic confederalists]]]]


[[The Yard]]
[[File:Abahlali baseMjondolo Logo.jpg|thumb|[[Abahlali baseMjondolo]]]]


Skrammellegeplad playgrounds
[[File:Baka dancers June 2006.jpg|thumb|[[Bayaka]]]]


Robinson Crusoe playgrounds
[[File:Great Andamanese - two men - 1875.jpg|thumbnail|[[Andamanese]]]]


Brixham fishing cooperative
[[File:Keluarga suku Bateq 167.jpg|thumb|[[Batek]]]]


Brora mining cooperative
[[File:MUFT - Catal Höyük Modell.jpg|thumb|[[Çatalhöyük]]]]


Standard tractor factory
[[File:Blood squaws in war dress (HS85-10-18744).jpg|thumbnail|[[Niitsitapi]]]]


Durham worker-managed mines
[[File:Mbuti woman with mushrooms1.jpg|thumbnail|[[Mbuti]]]]


Gheel mental health care
[[File:Flag_of_the_Iroquois_Confederacy.svg.png|thumbnail|[[Haudenosaunee]]]]


Synanon
[[File:Iroquoian Village, Ontario, Canada36.JPG|thumb|[[Wendat]]]]


Alcoholics Anonymous
[[File:Çayonu.jpg|thumb|[[Cayonu]]]]


Claimant's Union
[[File:Bolivia - Marcha Juventudes Antifacistas.jpg|thumb|[[El Alto neighborhood councils]]]]


Eyes on the street
[[File:Talianki (Trypillian city).jpg|thumb|[[Cucuteni–Trypillia civilization]]]]


=Examples  from [[Anarchy Works]]=
[[File:Malaipantaram map.gif|thumb|[[Malaipantaram]]]]


[[Really Really Free Market]]
[[File:North carolina algonkin-dorf.jpg|thumb|[[Croatan]]]]


[[Semai people]]
[[File:Hadza montage.png|thumb| [[Hadza]]]]


[[Mbuti people]]
[[File:Knossos - North Portico 02.jpg|thumb|[[Minoan Crete]]]]


[[Grassroots Hurricane Katrina relief]]
[[File:Mohenjo-daro.jpg|thumb|[[Indus Valley Civilization]]]]


[[FIERCE!]]
[[File:Cherán.jpeg|thumb|[[Cherán]]]]


Providence Plantations
[[File:Seated figure grom Mali, 13th century, Djenné peoples, Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1981.218.JPG|thumb|[[Jenne-jeno]]]]


[[Pocasset]]
[[File:BushmenSan.jpg|thumbnail|[[San]] peoples]]


Igbo
[[File:Sioux social structure council fires.jpg|thumb|[[Oceti Sakowin]] (Sioux)]]


[[Haudennosaunne]]
[[File:1280px-Oraibi1.jpg|thumbnail|[[Hopi]]]]


[[Faslane Peace Camp]]
[[File:Paliyan women.jpg|thumb|[[Paliyan]]]]


[[Greenham Common Women's Peace Camp]]
[[File:PeiligangCulture-RedPotWithTwoEars-ShanghaiMuseum-May27-08.jpg|thumb|[[Peiligang culture]]]]


[[Life and Labor Commune]]
[[File:Talempong - Sumatra Barat.jpg|thumb|[[Minangkabau]]]]


[[Catholic Worker movement]]
[[File:Sarvodaya-296x300.png|thumb|[[Sarvodaya Shramadana Movement]]]]


[[Imazighen]]
[[File:Taborites.png|thumbnail|[[Taborite communes]]]]


[[Anabaptists]]
[[File:Mosuo girls.jpg|thumb|[[Mosuo]]]]


[[German Peasants' War]]
[[File:Anishinaabe-Anishinini Distribution Map.svg|thumb| [[Nishnaabeg]] ]]


[[Alter-globalization movement]]
[[File:GENERAL-Massif 2May2010.jpg|thumb|[[Zomia]]]]


[[Dissent! Network]]
[[File:Panama-Kuna 0605a.jpg|thumb|[[Kuna people]]]]


[[Hill People of Southeast Asia]]
[[File:Catholic Worker.jpg|thumb|[[Catholic Worker]]]]


[[Shinmin Prefecture]]
[[File:Myths and legends of Babylonia and Assyria (1916) (14801964123).jpg|thumb|
[[Early Uruk]]]]


[[Spanish Revolution]]
[[File:Cherokee beadwork sampler 1840 ohs.jpg|thumb|[[Cherokee]]]]


[[Landless Workers' Movement]]
[[File:Black-sem-detail-1st-war.jpg|thumbnail|[[Seminole people]]]]


[[Oaxaca rebellion]]
[[File:Image taken from page 14 of 'Report of an expedition down the Zuni and Colorado Rivers by Captain L. Sitgreaves (11042155095) (cropped).jpg|thumb|[[Zuni]]]]


[[Kibbutzim]]
[[File:Semai man1.jpg|thumb|[[Semai people]]]]


[[Nubian people]]
[[Abahlali baseMjondolo]], 115,000 members as of 2022


[[Hopi people]]
[[Andamanese]]


Italian factory occupations
[[Anuak]]


[[Argentinian horizontalidad]]
[[Argentinian horizontalidad]]


[[Mondragon]]
[[Batek]]


[[Christiania]]
[[Bayaka]]


Boston Area Liberation Medic Squad
[[Çatalhöyük]]


Bay Area Radical Health Collective
[[Catholic Worker]]


US Modern schools
[[Cherán]]
 
Albany Free School
 
Quechua Farmers School
 
Universidad Transhumante
 
1969 Alcatraz occupation
 
Bonnot
 
New Guinea highlands
 
Open Source
 
Wikipedia
 
Free Stores
 
Freecycle Network
 
Taita Hills
 
Village Alternatif, Anticapitalist et AntiGuerres
 
Free Republic of Wendland
 
Stonehenge
 
Ghana shantytown
 
FEJUVE
 
Mjondolo
 
Symphony Way
 
Parisian urban gardeners


Cuban agriculture decentralization
[[Croatan]]


Maori
[[El Alto neighborhood councils]], 2000s CE


Global Ecovillage Network
[[Cayonu]], 7200 to ca. 4200 BCE


-Old Bassaisa
[[Cherokee]]


-Ecotop
[[Southeast Matriarchies|Chickasaw]]


-Earthhaven
[[Southeast Matriarchies|Choctaw]]


-Tehuantepec
Crianza Mutua (Colombia)


Minnehaha Free State
Crianza Mutua (Mexico)


Bilston Glen
[[Cucuteni–Trypillia civilization]], 1 million people, 4800 to 3000 BCE


Anti-Shell resistance
[[Diné]]


Tonga
[[Early Uruk]], 4000-3200 BCE


Seattle 1919
[[Early Neolithic Southern Levant]], 10,500 to 6000 BCE


Exarchia
[[Global Ecovillage Network]]


Rotuman
[[Hadza]]


Wapole inmates
[[Haudenosaunee]]


Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo
[[Hopi]]


Zapotec
[[Indus Valley Civilization]]


[[Inuit]]
[[Inuit]]


Navajo
[[Itoiz villages]]


Critical Resistance
[[Jenne-jeno]], 250 BCE-1400 CE, 11,000 people


Take Back the Night
[[Konkomba]]


Philly's Pissed
[[Kuna people]]


Philly Stands Up
[[La Solana villages]]


[[Revolutionary Ukraine]]
[[Late Taosi]]


[[Red Cloud's War]]
[[Longo Maï]]


2007 Lakota declaration of independence
[[Malaipantaram]]


Mohawk road blockade, 1990
[[Mapuche]], 1 million people in sixteenth century


Bolivia water protests
[[Mbuti]]


Albania
[[Minangkabau]]


Hamburg 1986-7
[[Minoan Crete]], 3000 BCE-1100 BCE


Copenhagen 1986
[[Southeast Matriarchies|Muscogee]]


Can Masdeu
[[Oceti Sakowin]] (Sioux)


Gwangiu
[[Nayaka people]]


Hungarian Revolution
[[Niitsitapi]] (Blackfoot)


Zapatistas
[[Nishnaabeg]]


Tsimihety
[[Piaroa]]


Basque autonomous villages
[[Peiligang culture]], 7000-5000 BCE


-Lakabe
[[Kurdistan democratic confederalists|Rojava]], 2012-present, 2.5 million people


-Aritzkuren
[[San]] (including !Kung)


-Rala
[[Santals]]


-Uli
[[Sarvodaya Shramadana Movement]]


La Solana autonomous villages
[[Semai people]]


Longo Mai
[[Seminole people]]


Mas de Granier
[[Taborite communes]], 15th century


-Transkarpaty
Vikalp Sangam (India)


Anarchist Black Cross
[[Wendat]]


RAWA
[[Zapatista-run Chiapas]], 1994-present, 120,000-300,000 people


No Border Network
[[Zomia]], present, 100 million people


!Kung
[[Zuni]]


Whiteway Colony
==Autonomous==


=Examples from [[Cartography of Revolutionary Anarchism]]=
[[File:Teotihuacán-5973.JPG|thumb|[[Teotihuacan]]]]


==First Wave, 1868-1894==
[[File:Mst conabNove2004.jpg|thumb|[[Landless Workers' Movement]]]]


===International===
[[File:024.Jacob Wrestles with the Angel.jpg|thumb|[[Early Israelites]]]]


International Brotherhood
[[File:280px-San Gimignano (1).jpg|thumbnail|[[Medieval commune]]]]


International Alliance of Socialist Democracy
[[File:Familienleben.jpg|thumb|[[Canela people]]]]


International Working Person's Association
[[Aboriginal Australians]]


Anti-Authoritarian International
[[Canela people]]


===Spain===
[[Early Christians]]


Spanish Regional Federation (FRE)
[[Early Israelites]]


Spanish Regional Labour Federation (FTRE)
[[Early Uruk]]


Spanish Regional Anarchist Organisation (OARE)
[[Highland Madagascar]]


Pact of Union & Solidarity (PUS)
[[Igbo]]


National Confederation of Labor (CNT)
[[Landless Workers' Movement]]


Spanish Regional Workers' Federation (FORE)
[[Lugbara]]


Cantonalist Revolt of 1873-1874
[[Mashkan-shapir]]


===Mexico===
[[Medieval commune]]


Proletarian Circle (CP)
[[Palmares]]


Grand Circle of Mexican Workers (GCO)
[[Parisian sections]]


===Uruguay===
[[Pequot]]


Regional Federation of the Eastern Republic of Uruguay (FRROU)
[[Sea Peoples]]


Worker's Federation (FO)
[[Syrian Revolution|Revolutionary Syria]]


===Cuba===
[[Sami]]


Artisan's Central Council (JCA)
[[Teotihuacan]]


Labourer's Circle (CT)
[[File:QumranLivingQuarters.jpg|thumbnail|[[Essenes]]]]


Cuban Labour Confederation (CTC)
[[Castile confederation]]


===United States===
[[Essenes]], 4,000 people


Central Labor Union (CLU)
[[Paris Commune]], 1871, 2 million people


===Russia===
[[Black Reconstruction|South Carolina Commune]]


Northern Worker's Union (NWU)
[[Maluku archipelago]]


[[Quinnipiac]]


==Second Wave, 1895-1923==
[[Swiss confederal leagues]]


===International===
[[Therapeutae]]


Federation of Labour Exchanges (FBT)
[[Tiv]]


Industrial Workers of the World (IWW)
[[Tlaxcala (Postclassic)]]


1903 Macedonian Revolt
[[Venezuelan communes]]


1907 International Anarchist Congress
==Limited==


1913 Syndicalist Conference in London
[[File:Pnyx-berg2.png|thumbnail|Pnyx Hill, the meeting place of the ecclesia in the [[Athenian polis]].]]


Insurgent Committee of Revolutionary Partisans
[[Athenian polis]], 594-431, 404-403 BCE, 40,000 male citizens


Industrial Workers' Association (IWA)
[[Kibbutzim]], 1919-present, 120,000 members in 2011


===Netherlands===
[[New England town meetings]]


National Labour Secretariat (NAS)
[[Tribal Arabia]]


Federation of Freedom-loving Communists (FVC)
[[Tonga people]]


===France===


General Confederation of Labour (CGT)


Anarchist Communist Alliance
==Unsorted==


Anarchist Federation
[[South American Indians]]


Co-ordination of Anarchist Groups
Land Dayaks


Libertarian Communist Organization
[[La Paz Zapotec]], nearly 2,000 people


Libertarian Alternative
Maori


Committee for the Defence of Revolutionary Syndicalism (CDSR, member of IWA)
New Guinea indigenous peoples


===Russia===
Northwest coast indigenous peoples


1905-1907 Russian Revolt
[[Nubian people]]


Trans-Siberian Railway
Nuer


Anarchist Federation of the Altai (AFA)
Imazighen


Siberian Industrial Workers of the World (IWW-Siberia)
Ifugao


Autonomous Industrial Commune
Dinka people


All-Russian Confederation of Anarcho-Syndicalists (ARKAS)
=Communities=


Bleikhman's Petrograd Anarchist Communist Federation (PACF)
''"The primary aspiration of all history is a genuine community of human beings -- genuine because it is'' community all through''."'' - Martin Buber<ref>''Paths in Utopia'' (Boston: Beacon Press, 1958), ch. 10.</ref>


Union of Anarcho-Syndicalist Propaganda (MFAG)
''"Strong communities make police obsolete."'' -police-abolitionist slogan


Black Guards


===United States===
==Anarchist==


Industrial Workers of the World-US (IWW-US)
[[Guangzhou commune]], 1921-1923


===China===
==Anti-Autoritarian==
[[File:Entrée de Christiania.jpg|thumbnail|Entrance to [[Christiania]]]]


Teahouse Labour Union
[[File:Faslane.jpg|thumbnail|Police dismantling a blockade of protesters at [[Faslane Peace Camp]].]]


Guangzhou commune
[[File:Levellers declaration and standard.gif|thumbnail| Woodcut from a [[Diggers]] document by William Everard]]


Confederation of Labour Associations (GLH)
[[Christiania]], 1971-present, 900 people


Hunan Workers' Association
[[Faslane Peace Camp]], 1982-present


Black Societies
[[Free Republic of Wendland]], 1980, 5,000 people


===Korea===
[[Diggers|George's Hill (Diggers)]], 1649, 40 people


Black Societies
[[Greenham Common Women's Peace Camp]], 1981-200


Wonsan General Trade Union
[[Life and Labor Commune]], 1921-1930, nearly 1,000 people


Free Trade Union
[[Village Alternatif, Anticapitalist et AntiGuerres]], 2003, thousands of people


===Argentina===
==Autonomous==


Argentine Regional Workers' Federation (FORA)
Kuzbass Autonomous Industrial Commune, 1922-1926


Argentine Regional Workers' Confederation (CORA)
[[Pocasset]], 200 families


Argentine Regional Workers' Federation of the 5th Congress (FORA-V)
[[Huehuecoyotl]]


Argentine Regional Workers' Federation of the 9th Congress (FORA-IX)
==Unsorted==


Argentine Libertarian Alliance (ALA)
Taita Hills


Anarcho-Communist Port-workers' Group (ACAOP)
Ghana shantytown


Resistance Society of the Port-workers of the Capital (SROPC)
Minnehaha Free State


===Uruguay===
Mexican ''colonial proletarias''


Uruguay Regional Workers' Organisation (FORU)
Peruvian 'barriadas''


===Brazil===
Tunisian ''gourbivilles''


Brazilian Labour Confederation (COB)
Indian ''bus tees''


===Chile===
Turkish ''gecekondu''


Chilean Labourers Federation (FTCh)
Venezuelan ''ranchos''


Industrial Workers of the World- Chile (IWW-Chile)
[[King Hill hostel squat]]


===Paraguay===
=Movements and Uprisings=


Paraguayan Regional Workers' Organisation (FORPa)
''"If we had surrendered, if we had sold ourselves, we would no longer have been poor, but others would have continued to be so."'' -Subcomandante Marcos<ref>Subcomandante Marcos, "Why We Chose the Weapon of Resistance" in ''Our Word is Our Weapon'' (New York: Seven Stories Press, 2001), 160.</ref>


Paraguayan Regional Workers' Centre (CORP)
''"People have done horizontal, or non-hierarchical, organization all their lives. It is already there in my culture and the way Palestinian activism has worked."'' -Beesan Ramadan<ref>Joshua Stephens, “Palestinian Anarchists in Conversation: Recalibrating anarchism in a colonized country,” ''Institute for Anarchist Studies'', 19 July 2013, https://anarchiststudies.org/palestinian-anarchists/.</ref>


National Revolutionary Alliance (ANR)
''"We take inspiration from the Luddites, Levellers, Diggers, the Autonome squatter movement, ALF, the Zapatistas, and the little people -- those mischievous elves of lore."'' -[[Earth Liberation Front]]<ref>https://www.iiipublishing.com/politics/elf.htm.</ref>


Workers' Trade Union Reorganisation Council (CORS)
==Anarchist==


===Cuba===
[[File:ChicagoAnarchists.jpg|thumbnail|Chicago anarchists advanced the cause of the 8-hour day and started May Day. See [[The Haymarket Martyrs]].]]


Havana Labour Federation (FOH)
[[File:Seattle black bloc.png|thumbnail|[[1999 Seattle WTO shutdown]]]]


Cuban Workers' Confederation (CTC)
[[File:Magon.png|thumbnail|[[Anarchy in the Mexican Revolution]]]]


Cuban National Labour Confederation (CNOC)
[[File:Logo de la FAI.svg|thumb|[[Informal Anarchist Federation]]]]


===Mexico===
[[File:Conspiracy of Fire Nuclei, Logo.jpg|thumb|[[Conspiracy of Cells of Fire]]]]


House of the World Worker (COM)
[[The Haymarket Martyrs]]


Mexican Regional Workers' Organization (FORM)
[[Conspiracy of Cells of Fire]]


General Confederation of Labour (CGT)
[[Informal Anarchist Federation]]


===Peru===
[[Anarchists in the Russian Revolution]]


Peruvian Regional Workers' Federation (FORPe)
[[Anarchists in the Italian Factory Occupations]]


Local Workers' Federation of Lima (FOL)
[[Revolutionary Spain|Anarchism and the Spanish Revolution]]


===Columbia===
[[Anarchy in the Mexican Revolution|Anarchism in the Mexican Revolution]]


Columbian Workers' Federation (FOC)
[[Shinmin_Prefecture|Manchurian Revolution]]


===Bolivia===
[[1999 Seattle WTO shutdown]]


Local Workers' Federation (FOL)
Modern schools


Feminine Workers' Federation
[[2008 Greek insurrection]]


Bolivian Regional Workers' Confederation
[[US Galleanists]]


===Ecuador===
[[1911 Lima-Callao general strike]]


Guayas Workers' Regional Federation (FORG)
[[1919 Peruvian general strike]]


Ecuadoran Regional Federation of Labor (FTRE)
==Anti-Authoritarian==


===Spain===
[[File:Interfauna-raid-1990.jpg|thumb|[[Animal Liberation Front]]]]


National Confederation of Labour (CNT)
[[File:Metropolitan Indians.jpg|thumbnail|[[Italian Autonomia]]]]


National Workers' Union (UON)
[[File:Warner-creek-EF-96.jpg|thumbnail|[[Cascadia Free State]]]]


(renamed General Confederation of Labour (CGT))
[[File:Jean Froissart, Chroniques, 154v, 12148 btv1b8438605hf336, crop.jpg|thumb|[[English Peasants' Revolt of 1381]]]]


===Portugal===
[[File:Battle for Palm Tree Hill.jpg|thumbnail|[[Anarchy in the Haitian Revolution]]]]


National Workers' Union (UON)
[[File:Alcatraz Island 01 Prison sign.jpg|thumbnail|[[Alcatraz occupation]]]]


General Confederation of Labour (CGT, member of IWA)
[[File:SOAS BDS demonstration 27 April 2017 12.jpg|thumbnail|[[BDS Movement]]]]


===Mexico===
[[File:ANG40InfantryDivisionLosAngelesRiot1992.jpg|thumbnail|National Guard deployed during the [[Los Angeles Rebellion of 1992]]]]


Mexican Revolution of 1910
[[File:Flag of Koma Komalên Kurdistan.svg|thumbnail|Flag of the [[Kurdistan democratic confederalists|Group of Communities in Kurdistan]]]]


Mexican Industrial Workers of the World (IWW-Mexico)
[[File:"Happi" American Horse direct action against DAPL, August 2016 (cropped).png|thumb|[[Standing Rock Uprising]]]]


Mexican Liberal Party (PLM)
[[File:Slavic Bogomil Cemetery in Chalkidona, Thessaloniki.jpg|thumb|[[Bogomils]]]]


Industrial Union of North and South America (UIANS)
[[File:TaroAKL.jpg|thumbnail|[[Community taro patches]] run by indigenous and non-indigenous farmers across Hawaii]]


Liberation Army of the South (ELS)
[[File:John Brown by Levin Handy, 1890-1910.jpg|thumbnail|[[John Brown's raids]]]]


National Agrarian Party (PNA)
[[File:VD VD200710070509005AR.jpg|thumb|[[Earth Liberation Front]]]]


===Ireland===
[[File:Occupy Wall Street Crowd Size 2011 Shankbone.JPG|thumbnail|[[Occupy movement]]]]


Industrial Syndicalist Education League (ITGWU)
[[File:Stop Huntingdon Animal Cruelty (logo).png|thumbnail|[[Stop Huntingdon Animal Cruelty]]]]


===Bulgaria===
[[File:Routes des châteaux cathares.svg|thumb|[[Cathars]]]]


Federation of Anarchist-Communists of Bulgaria (FAKB)
[[File:Earthfirstmonkeywrench.png|thumbnail|[[Earth First!]]]]


Vlassovden Confederation
[[File:Margarete Porete, fol. 38.jpg|thumbnail|[[Movement of the Free Spirit]]]]


Anarcho-Syndicalist National Confederation of Labour (ASNKR)
[[File:Unist'ot'en camp.jpg|thumbnail|[[Unist'ot'en Camp]]]]


===Ukraine===
[[File:Wattsriots-burningbuildings-loc.jpg|thumbnail|[[Watts Rebellion]] of 1965]]


[[Revolutionary Ukraine|Ukranian Revolution]]
[[US anti-nuclear movement|Abalone Alliance]]


Revolutionary Insurgent Army of the Ukraine (RPAU)
[[Alcatraz occupation]]


===Italy===
[[Taborite communes|Adamites]]


Italian Syndicalist Union (USI, member of IWA)
[[Alter-globalization movement]]


Italian Workers' Party (POI)
[[Anarchy in the German Revolution]]


Revolutionary Anarchist Socialist Party (PSAR)
[[Anarchy in the Russian Revolution]]


Union of Communist Anarchists (UCAI)
[[Anarchy in the Haitian Revolution]]


Italian Anarchist Union (UAI)
[[Animal Liberation Front]]


[[Anti-Shell actions]]


===Germany===
[[Bogomils]]


Free Workers' Union of Germany (FAUD)
[[BDS Movement]]


Free Association of German Trade Unions (FvDG)
[[Cascadia Free State]], 1995-6


German Anarchist Federation (AFD)
[[Cathars]], 11th to 14th centuries


Federation of Communist Anarchists of German (FKAD)
[[Catholic Worker movement]]


German Workers' Union of Germany (AAUD)
[[Community taro patches]]


General Labour Union--Unity Organisation (AAU-E)
[[US anti-nuclear movement|Clamshell Alliance]]


[[Earth First!]]


==Third Wave, 1924-1949==
[[Earth Liberation Front]]


===International===
[[English food riots in eighteenth century]]


Federation of Anarchist-communist Groups of Poland and Lithuania (FAGPL)
[[English Peasants' Revolt of 1381]]


East Asian Anarchist Federation (EAAF)
[[German Anti-Fascism]]


American Continental Workingmen's Association (ACAT)
[[Italian Anti-Fascism]]


North African Libertarian Movement (MLNA)
[[Italian Autonomia]]


Anarchist International Relations Commission (CRIA)
[[John Brown's raids]]


Continental Commission of Anarchist Relations (CCRA)
[[Kurdish democratic confederalists]]


===Poland===
[[Kronstadt rebellion]]


Anarchist Federation of Poland (AFP)
[[Los Angeles Rebellion of 1992]]


General Workers' Federation (GFP)
[[Mapuche|Mapuche Struggle]]


Union of Trade Unions (ZZZ, member of IWA)
[[Movement of the Free Spirit]]


Polish Syndicalist Union (ZSP)
[[Oaxaca rebellion]]


===Korea, South China, and Manchuria===
[[Occupy movement]]
Korean Anarchist Federation's Chinese Exile Section (KAF-C)


Korean Youth Federation in South China (KYFSC)
[[Oka Crisis]]


Manchurian Revolution of 1929-31
[[Unist'ot'en Camp]]


--Shinmin Prefecture (General League of Koreans or HCH)
[[US anti-nuclear movement]]


Korean Anarchist Federation (KAF)
[[US Green movement]]


Korean Anarchist Communist Federation (KACF)
[[School of the Tillers]]


Korean Anarchist Federation in Manchuria
[[Sexual revolution]]


Federation of Free Society Builders (FFSB)
[[Standing Rock Uprising]]


Korean Revolutionary Federation (KRF)
[[Stop Huntingdon Animal Cruelty]]


===Spain===
[[Texas KXL blockade]]
Spanish Revolution


--CNT's 1936 Zargosa Congress
[[The May-June Revolt in France, 1968]]


Iberian Anarchist Federation (FAI)
[[Watts Rebellion]]


Libertarian Youth Federation of Iberia (FIJL)
[[Yellow Turban Rebellion]]


Libertarian Youth (JJLL)
[[Zone to Defend (ZAD)]], 2012-present


Durruti Column
==Autonomous==


Friends of Durruti (AD)
[[File:La Vía Campesina logo.png|thumb|[[La Via Campesina]]]]


===France===
[[File:Flag of Edward England.svg|thumbnail|[[Pirate anarchy]]]]


International Revolutionary Syndicalist Federation (FISR)
[[File:Nat Turner woodcut.jpg|thumbnail|[[Nat Turner's rebellion]]]]


National Confederation of Labour (CNT)
[[File:Luddite.jpg|thumbnail|[[Luddites]]]]


Francophile Anarchist Federation (FAF)
[[File:Mi'kmaq blockade.png|thumbnail|[[2013 Mi'kmaq anti-fracking struggle]]]]


===Italy===
[[File:Seattle General Strike.jpg|thumbnail|[[1919 Seattle general strike]]]]


Italian Anarchist Communists (FdCAI)
[[File:First int.jpg|thumbnail|Woman confronts soldiers during the [[First Intifada]].]]


General Italian Workers' Federation (CGIL)
[[File:Red cloud and other souix.jpg|thumbnail|[[Red Cloud's War]]]]


===Britain===
[[File:Boston Tea Party Currier colored.jpg|thumbnail|[[American Revolution and Anarchy]]]]


Anarchist Federation of Britain
[[File:1917petrogradsoviet assembly.jpg|thumbnail|[[Russian Revolution and Anarchy]]]]


Syndicalist Workers' Federation (SWF)
[[File:Anarchist cuba.png|thumbnail|[[Cuban Revolution and Anarchism]]]]


===Japan===
[[File:Magon.png|thumbnail|[[Mexican Revolution and Anarchy]]]]


Japanese Anarchist Federation (JAF)
[[File:Prise de la Bastille.jpg|thumbnail|[[French Revolution and Anarchy]]]]


Federation of Free Labour Unions (FFLU)
[[File:Stroop Report - Warsaw Ghetto Uprising 13.jpg|thumbnail|[[Jewish armed anti-Nazi resistance]]]]


Conference of Labour Unions (CLU)
[[1848 revolutions]]


Japanese Anarchist Club (JAC)
[[1968 revolutions]]


Anarchist Federation
[[1919 Seattle general strike]]


===Germany===
[[2007 Lakota declaration of independence]]


Federation of Libertarian Socialists (FFS)
[[2013 Mi'kmaq anti-fracking struggle]]


===Netherlands===
[[American Revolution and Anarchy]]


Independent League of Trade Unions (OVB)
[[Anabaptists]]


===Mexico===
[[Barcelona en Comú]]


General Delegation of the CNT (CNT-DG)
[[Black Reconstruction]]


===Venezuela===
[[Bolivia Water War]]


Venezuelan Regional Workers' Federation (FORV)
[[Cuban Revolution and Anarchism]]


===Cuba===
[[First Intifada]]
Federation of Anarchist Groups of Cuba (FGAC)


Cuban Libertarian Alliance (ALC)
[[French Revolution and Anarchy]]


General Confederation of Labor (CGT)
[[German Peasants' War]]


[[Jewish armed anti-Nazi resistance]]


==Fourth Wave==
[[La Via Campesina]]


===International===
[[Luddites]]


Anarchist Black Cross (ABC)
[[Mexican Revolution and Anarchy]]


International of Anarchist Federations (IAF)
[[Nat Turner's rebellion]]


Iberian Anarchist Federation (FAI)
[[Pirate anarchy]]


North African Libertarian Movement (MLNA)
[[Pueblo Revolt]]


Libertarian Communist International (ICL)
[[Red Cloud's War]]


Libertarian Communist Organisation (OCL)
[[Seminole people|Seminole Wars]]


Libertarian Alternative (AL)
[[Syrian Revolution]]


===Cuba===
==Limited==


Second Escambray Front
[[Karaite Judaism]]


Student Revolutionary Directorate (DRE)
[[Kharijites]]


Cuban Confederation (CTC)
[[Mu'tazilites]]


Anarchists within the 26th of July Movement
==Unsorted==


Cuban Libertarina Movement in Exile)
[[Massalians]]


===Sweden===
[[Prague Spring]]
[[Hungarian Revolution of 1956]]


Swedish Workers' Central Organisation (SAC)
1903 Macedonian revolt


IWW Marine Transport Workers' Industrial Union (MTWIU)
1905–1907 Russian Revolt


===Chile===
1910 Mexican revolution


Chilean IWW
1960 student revolts


General Confederation of Labour (CGT)
[[Imazighen]]


National Workers' Unity Movement (MUNT)
Parisian urban gardeners


Chilean Workers' Central (CUT)
Cantonalist Revolt of 1873-1874


anarchist faction in Movement of hte Revolutionary Left (MIR)
=[[Organizations|Organizations]]=


Anarcho-Communist Unification (CUAC) / Libertarian Communist Organisation (OLC)
''"[[Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee|SNCC]] without knowing about anarchism as philosophy embodied the characteristics of anarchism."'' -Howard Zinn<ref>Howard Zinn, "Anarchism Shouldn't Be a Dirty Word," ''AlterNet'', 16 May, 2008, http://www.alternet.org/story/85427/howard_zinn%3A_anarchism_shouldn't_be_a_dirty_word.</ref>


===Argentina===
''"The real question at issue is not organization versus non-organization, but rather, what kind of organization. What different kinds of anarchist organizations have in common is that they are developed organically from below, not engineered into existence from above."'' -Murray Bookchin<ref>Murray Bookchin, "Anarchy and Organization", ''Libcom.org'', http://libcom.org/library/anarchy-organization-murray-bookchin.</ref>


Ship-building Workers' Federation (FTB)


===New Zealand===
==[[Organizations#Active|Active Anarchist/Anti-Authoritarian]]==


1951 syndicalist resistance
==[[Organizations#Historical|Historical Anarchist/Anti-Authoritarian]]==


===China===
==[[Organizations#Autonomous|Autonomous]]==


Yunan guerilla campaigns
==[[Organizations#Unsorted|Unsorted]]==


1968 revolt
=Everyday Anarchy=


Federation of the Provincial Proletariat (Shengwulian)
''''I think we have to talk about educating the people for critical consciousness about what anarchy is. I would also say that, in practice, many more Americans are anarchists than would ever use that term."'' -bell hooks.<ref>bell hooks, "How Do You Practice Intersectionalism?", ''The Anarchist Library'', https://theanarchistlibrary.org/library/randy-lowens-how-do-you-practice-intersectionalism.</ref>


Anarchist Federation
''"If there’s a line to get on a crowded bus, do you wait your turn and refrain from elbowing your way past others even in the absence of police? If you answered 'yes', then you are used to acting like an anarchist!"'' -David Graeber<ref>David Graeber, "Are You an Anarchist? The Answer May Surprise You!", ''The Anarchist Library'', http://theanarchistlibrary.org/library/david-graeber-are-you-an-anarchist-the-answer-may-surprise-you.</ref>


===Bolivia===
''"How would you feel if you discovered that the society in which you would really like to live was already here, apart from a few little local difficulties like exploitation, war, dictatorship and starvation?"'' -Colin Ward<ref>Colin Ward, [[Anarchy Works]].</ref>


Bolivian Regional Workers' Confederation (CORB)
[[File:McCallsJimmyBarry640.jpg|thumbnail|[[The Yard]], an "adventure playground" in Minneapolis. http://www.minnpost.com/arts-culture/2014/07/when-yard-was-minnesota-s-most-radical-park]]


Feminine Workers' Federation (FOB)
[[File:250px-Woodstock poster.jpg|thumbnail|[[Woodstock Festival]] poster. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodstock_festival]]


===Rhodesia===


Industrial and Commercial Union of Sourthen Rhodesia (ICU yase Rhodesia)
==Anarchist==
==Anti-Authoritarian==


===Uruguay===
[[Really Really Free Market]]


Uruguayan Anarchist Federation (FAU)
[[Mumbai community dog care]]


Revolutionary Popular Organisation 33 (OPR-33)
==Participatory==


Worker-Student Resistance (ROE)
==Autonomous==


National Convention of Workers (CNT)
[[Stonehenge Free Festival]], 1972-1985 (one month a year), 30,000 people


===South Korea===
[[Woodstock Festival]], 1969, 40,000 people


Autonomous Workers' League (AWL)
[[Pioneer Health Centre]]


Autonomous Village Movement (AVM)
[[Little Commonwealth]]


===Czechoslovakia===
[[Vienna Psychoanalytic Society's child guidance service]]


1968 revolt
[[Horizontal organization in British architecture]]


===France===
[[Global postal service]]


1968 revolt
[[International railways]]


Direct Action (AD)
[[Swiss city planning]]


Libertarian Communist Federation (FCL)
[[Emdrup playground]]


Thought-Battle Organisation (OPB)
[[The Yard]]


Union of Libertarian Communist Workers (UTCL)
==Unsorted==


Alternative Libertaire
Mexican ''colonial proletarias''


Anarchist Revolutionary Organisation (ORA)
Peruvian 'barriadas''


===Italy===
Tunisian ''gourbivilles''


1968 revolt
Indian ''bus tees''


Proletarian Action Anarchists Groups (GAAP)
Turkish ''gecekondu''


Italian Anarchist Federation (FAI)
Venezuelan ''ranchos''


Federation of Communist Anarchists (FdCA)
Prestolee School


===Japan===
Institueion Libre de Enseiianza


1968 revolt
Residential College for Students


===Mexico===
1960 student revolts


1968 revolt
Freetown playground


===Pakistan===
Skrammellegeplad playgrounds


1968 revolt
Robinson Crusoe playgrounds


===Poland===
Brixham fishing cooperative


1968 revolt
Brora mining cooperative


Polish Anarchist Federation (FA)
Standard tractor factory


===Yugoslavia===
Durham worker-managed mines


1968 revolt
Gheel mental health care


===United States===
Synanon


1968 revolt
Claimant's Union


===Germany===
Eyes on the street
 
1968 revolt
 
Movement 2 June (M2J)
 
===Senegal===
 
1968 revolt
 
===Argentina===
 
Libertarian Resistance (RL)
 
===Iraq===


Workers' Liberation Group (Shagila)
[[Open source]]


===Iran===
[[Wikipedia]]


The Sceam of the People (CHK)
=Nonhuman Anarchy=


===Britain===
''"Everything is connected, absolutely everything. There are many aboriginal groups that will tell you stories about how all the species in the forests are connected, and many will talk about below-ground networks."'' -Sm’hayetsk Teresa Ryan<ref>Ferris Jabr, "The Social Life of Forests", ''New York Times'', 2 December, 2020, https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/12/02/magazine/tree-communication-mycorrhiza.html.</ref>


Angry Brigade (AB)
''"The basic premise in the ontology of wildness translates into anarchy, where the'' raison d'etre ''of everything and everyone - living or non-living, human or nonhuman, child or adult, male, female, intersexual, bisexual, or asexual, whatever the species, ethnicity, or race (all of which are important classifications for civilization only) is simply to be and to enjoy being. In wilderness, the world exists for its own reasons, its space and time uncontrolled, solely its own, regardless of whether it was created by an external divine will or generated through its own exploded forces."'' - Layla AbdelRahim<ref>Layla AbdelRahim, ''Children's Literature, Domestication, and Social Foundation'' (New York: Routledge, 2015), 3-4.</ref>


===Canada===
''"As I watch the Robins and Cedar Waxwings fill their bellies, I see a gift economy in which abundance is stored “in the belly of my brother.” Supporting a thriving bird community is essential to the well-being of the Serviceberry and everyone else up the food chain. That seems especially important to an immobile, long-lived being like a tree, who can’t run away from ruptured relationships. Thriving is possible only if you have nurtured strong bonds with your community."''-Robin Wall Kimmerer<ref>Robin Wall Kimmerer, "The Serviceberry: An Economy of Abundance," ''Emergence Magazine'', 2020, https://emergencemagazine.org/story/the-serviceberry/.</ref>


Direct Action (AD)
''" From autocatalytic chemical processes to cells, from living bodies to galaxies, we find a universe filled with structures exhibiting self-organizing dynamics... [A]n atom is a self-organizing system as well. Each atom is a storm of ordered activity. This invisible power assembling the energy into a particular constellation is the atom's identity. A galaxy, too, is an autopoietic system, organizing its stars into a nonequilibrium process and drawing forth new stars from its interstellar materials."'' -Brian Swimme and Thomas Berry <ref>Brian Swimme and Thomas Berry, ''The Universe Story: From the Primordial Flaring Forth to the Ecozoic Era - A Celebration of the Unfolding of the Cosmos'' (New York: HarperCollins Publishers, 1992), 75.</ref>


===Spain===
''"The forest has always been my teacher in peace, in diversity in democracy. Diverse life forms, small and large, moving and immobile, above ground and below, with wings, feet or leaves, find their place in the forest. The forest teaches us that in diversity lie the conditions of peace, the realization of democracy."'' -Vandana Shiva<ref>Vandana Shiva, "Foreword" in Derrick Jensen and George Draffan, ''Strangely Like War: The Global Assault on Forests'' (White River Junction: Chelsea Green Publishing Company, 2003), vii.</ref>


Interior Defense (DI)
''"If we recognize that every ecosystem can also be viewed as a food web, we can think of it as a circular, interlacing nexus of plant-animal relationships (rather than a stratified pyramid)...Each species, be it a form of bacteria or deer, is knitted together in a network of interdependence. A predator in the web is also prey, even if the 'lowliest' of organisms merely makes it ill or helps to consume it after death."'' -Murray Bookchin<ref>Murray Bookchin, ''The Ecology of Freedom: The Emergence and Dissolution of Hierarchy'' (Palo Alto: Cheshire Books, 1982), 26.</ref>


First of May Group (GPM)
==Animal Societies==
[[File:Melanerpes formicivorus -San Luis Obispo, California, USA -male-8.jpg|thumbnail|[[Acorn woodpecker]]]]


Iberian Liberation Movement (MIL-GAC)
[[File:Squirrel monkey1-cropped.jpg|thumbnail|[[Central American squirrel monkey]]]]


Groups of International Revolutionary Action (GARI)
[[File:Tursiops truncatus 01.jpg|thumbnail|[[Dolphins]]]]


Anti-capitalist Autonomous Commandos (KAA)
[[File:Crotophaga sulcirostris.jpg|thumbnail|[[Groove-billed ani]]]]


===Vietnam===
[[File:Okonjima Lioness.jpg|thumb|[[Lion]]]]


Neutralist Tribune
[[File:Wolf, voor de natuur, Saxifraga - Jan Nijendijk.5097.jpg|thumbnail|[[Gray wolf]]]]


===Russia===
[[Acorn woodpecker]]


Left Opposition (LO)
[[Bison]]


Movement of Revolutionary Communards (MRC)
[[Bonobo]]


Free General Workers' Union (SMOT)
[[Central American squirrel monkey]]


===Ukraine===
[[Dolphins]]


Communist League of Anarchists
[[Domestic cat]]


===Czechoslovakia===
[[Elephant]]


Anarcho-Syndicalist Federation
[[Gorillas dismantling traps]]
 
Anarchist Federation (AF) / Czech and Slovak Anarchist Federation (CSAF)
 
===South Africa===
 
Federation of South African Trade Unions (FOSATU)
 
=Examples from [[Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution]]=


[[Gray wolf]]
[[Gray wolf]]


[[San people]]
[[Groove-billed ani]]


Khoikhoi people
[[Lion]]


[[Aboriginal Australians]]
[[Manatee]]


Paupan people
[[Seahorse]]


[[Inuit]]
==Earth and Ecology==


Aleut people
[[File:Craggy Gardens-27527.jpg|thumbnail|[[Appalachian forests]]]]


Dayak people
[[File:The Earth seen from Apollo 17.jpg|thumbnail|[[Earth system]]]]


Village community
[[File:Elysia-chlorotica-body.jpg|thumbnail|[[Evolution of sea slugs]]]]


Buryats
[[File:Symsagittifera roscoffensis(Jersey).jpg|thumbnail|[[Evolution of translucent worms]]]]


Kabyle people
[[File:Mycorrhizal network.svg|thumb|[[Mycorrhizal network]]]]


Peoples of the Caucasus
[[File:Utricularia aurea 8 Darwiniana.jpg|thumb|[[Utricularia-algae-zooplankton feedback]]]]


[[Medieval commune]]
[[Appalachian forests]]


Medieval guild
[[Bacteria]]


Labor unions
[[Earth system]]


Strikes
[[Evolution of eukaryotes]]


Worker cooperatives
[[Evolution of green hydra]]


Lifeboat Association
[[Evolution of horse]]


Cyclists' Alliance
[[Evolution of sea slugs]]


Gymnasts' Societies
[[Evolution of translucent worms]]


Alpine Clubs
[[Human body and anarchy]]


Froebel Unions
[[Mimosa-beetle symbiosis]]


pedagogical societies in Germany
[[Mycorrhizal network]]


religious charitable associations
[[Utricularia-algae-zooplankton feedback]]


scientific, literary, artistic, and educational societies
==Cosmos, Physics, and Chemistry==


Mutual-Aid in slum-life
[[File:RBCells.jpg|thumbnail|[[Bénard_convection]]]]


=Examples from [[People Without Government: An Anthropology of Anarchy]]=
[[File:Bzr fotos.jpg|thumbnail|[[Chemical clock]]]]


[[San people]]
[[Chemical clock]]


[[Inuit]]
[[Bénard convection]]


[[Mbuti people]]
[[Laser]]


[[Aboriginal Australians]]
[[Physics and anarchy]]


[[Northwest coast indigenous peoples]]
[[Solar system's planets]]


[[Lugbara people]]
[[Universe]]


[[Konkomba people]]
=Fictional Anarchy=


[[Tiv people]]
''"We live in capitalism, its power seems inescapable – but then, so did the divine right of kings. Any human power can be resisted and changed by human beings."'' -Ursula K. LeGuin<ref>"Ursula K Le Guin's speech at National Book Awards", ''The Guardian'', 20 November 2014, http://www.theguardian.com/books/2014/nov/20/ursula-k-le-guin-national-book-awards-speech.</ref>


Plateau Tonga
==Anarchist==
[[File:Anarres.jpeg|thumbnail|[[Anarres]]]]


Anuak
[[Anarres]] (''The Dispossessed'')


Ibo
Mars (''Mars'' trilogy)


New Guinea indigenous peoples
[[San Francisco (The Fifth Sacred Thing)]]


Ifugao
==Anti-Authoritarian==
 
Land Dayaks
 
South American Indians
 
Nuer
 
Samek or Lapps
 
Imazighen


Santals
[[File:Earthseed.jpg|thumb|[[Earthseed]]]]


[[Medieval commune]]
[[File:Pieter Bruegel d. Ä. 037.jpg|thumbnail| [[Cokaygne]] ]]
 
Anabaptists


[[Spanish Revolution]]
[[File:Fraggle Rock.png|thumb|[[Fraggle Rock]]]]


=Examples from [[The Politics of Social Ecology: Libertarian Municipalism]]=
[[File:Hobbiton, New Zealand.jpg|thumb|[[The Shire]]]]


[[Athenian polis]]
[[Cokaygne]]


[[Medieval commune]]
[[Earthseed]]


New England Town Meetings
[[Fraggle Rock]]


Parisian Sections
[[Haudenosaunee#.22Warp_and_Weft.2C.22_from_The_Years_of_Rice_and_Salt_by_Kim_Stanley_Robinson|Haudenosaunee]] (''The Years of Rice and Salt'' by Kim Stanley Robinson)


Swiss confederal leagues
[[Kesh]] (''Always Coming Home'')


=Other Examples=
Nowhere (''News from Nowhere'')


[[Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee]]
[[The Shire]] (''The Lord of the Rings'')


[[Kurdish democratic confederalists]]
==Autonomous==


[[Anusilan Samiti]]
[[Igbo|Umuofia (''Things Fall Apart'')]]


[[Fraternity of the Red Flag]]


[[Shamrik Mukti Dal]]


[[Libertarian Socialist Institute]]
<references/>

Latest revision as of 17:48, 3 April 2024

Welcome to AnarchyinAction.org!

Spreadanarchy.png


[1]


AnarchyinAction.org is a resource for anyone to research and write about how and when anarchy can work. Anarchy, coming from the Greek words an (without) and archos (ruler) refers to a situation without domination, without coercive hierarchy. Here are many examples of anarchy in practice. By looking for anarchy well beyond the self-proclaimed anarchist movements (although we're interested in those too!), we respond, for example, to Maia Ramnath's call in Decolonizing Anarchism to "locate the Western anarchist tradition as one contextually specific manifestation among a larger-indeed global-tradition of antiauthoritarian, egal­itarian thought/praxis".[1] We take our name from Colin Ward's 1973 book Anarchy in Action.

This wiki is done entirely by volunteers, and we encourage you to check our work and help us to constantly improve it. If you see misinformation, please contact us right away so that we can either fix it or assist you in setting up an account so you can edit the page directly. See the About page for more information. Additionally, if you are a member of an organization or another group described on this website, please feel free to send us information on current campaigns, and we will include it so that our readers will know how to get involved or participate in solidarity efforts.

Anarchist banners at World Conference Against Racism, Durban, 2001.[2]
"Fifth Sacred Thing" by Jessica Perlstein, portraying San Francisco (The Fifth Sacred Thing).
Clifford Harper portrays an anarchist commune in Radical Technology
Les chataigniers a Osny (1888) by anarchist painter Camille Pissarro.
ancient San artwork
[3]


Societies

"Once we leave Europe, in fact, we discover that statelessness and the desire for self-government are not eternally receding utopias, but are principles that for millennia have structured communities in every part of the world." -Silvia Federici[2]

"[T]here are also concepts such as anti-authoritarian or egalitarian forms of organizing. Although this differs in degrees from one Indigenous nation to another, it is, overall, a fairly strong part of our traditional culture (with some exceptions)." -Gord Hill[3]

"Egalitarian cities, even regional confederacies, are historically quite commonplace."-David Graeber and David Wengrow[4]


Anarchist

Nestor Makhno with members of the anarchist Revolutionary Insurrectionary Army of Ukraine
Shinmin Prefecture
Collectivized textile factory in Barcelona, Spain. From Sam Dolgoff's The Anarchist Collectives.

Revolutionary Spain, 1936-9, 3.2 million people

Revolutionary Ukraine, 1918-1921, 7 million people

Shinmin Prefecture, 1929-1931, 2 million people


Anti-Authoritarian

Zapatista-run Chiapas
Kurdistan democratic confederalists
Abahlali baseMjondolo
Bayaka
Andamanese
Batek
Çatalhöyük
Niitsitapi
Mbuti
Haudenosaunee
Wendat
Cayonu
El Alto neighborhood councils
Cucuteni–Trypillia civilization
Malaipantaram
Croatan
Hadza
Minoan Crete
Indus Valley Civilization
Cherán
Jenne-jeno
San peoples
Oceti Sakowin (Sioux)
Hopi
Paliyan
Peiligang culture
Minangkabau
Sarvodaya Shramadana Movement
Taborite communes
Mosuo
Nishnaabeg
Zomia
Kuna people
Catholic Worker
Early Uruk
Cherokee
Seminole people
Zuni
Semai people

Abahlali baseMjondolo, 115,000 members as of 2022

Andamanese

Anuak

Argentinian horizontalidad

Batek

Bayaka

Çatalhöyük

Catholic Worker

Cherán

Croatan

El Alto neighborhood councils, 2000s CE

Cayonu, 7200 to ca. 4200 BCE

Cherokee

Chickasaw

Choctaw

Crianza Mutua (Colombia)

Crianza Mutua (Mexico)

Cucuteni–Trypillia civilization, 1 million people, 4800 to 3000 BCE

Diné

Early Uruk, 4000-3200 BCE

Early Neolithic Southern Levant, 10,500 to 6000 BCE

Global Ecovillage Network

Hadza

Haudenosaunee

Hopi

Indus Valley Civilization

Inuit

Itoiz villages

Jenne-jeno, 250 BCE-1400 CE, 11,000 people

Konkomba

Kuna people

La Solana villages

Late Taosi

Longo Maï

Malaipantaram

Mapuche, 1 million people in sixteenth century

Mbuti

Minangkabau

Minoan Crete, 3000 BCE-1100 BCE

Muscogee

Oceti Sakowin (Sioux)

Nayaka people

Niitsitapi (Blackfoot)

Nishnaabeg

Piaroa

Peiligang culture, 7000-5000 BCE

Rojava, 2012-present, 2.5 million people

San (including !Kung)

Santals

Sarvodaya Shramadana Movement

Semai people

Seminole people

Taborite communes, 15th century

Vikalp Sangam (India)

Wendat

Zapatista-run Chiapas, 1994-present, 120,000-300,000 people

Zomia, present, 100 million people

Zuni

Autonomous

Teotihuacan
Landless Workers' Movement
Early Israelites
Medieval commune
Canela people

Aboriginal Australians

Canela people

Early Christians

Early Israelites

Early Uruk

Highland Madagascar

Igbo

Landless Workers' Movement

Lugbara

Mashkan-shapir

Medieval commune

Palmares

Parisian sections

Pequot

Sea Peoples

Revolutionary Syria

Sami

Teotihuacan

Essenes

Castile confederation

Essenes, 4,000 people

Paris Commune, 1871, 2 million people

South Carolina Commune

Maluku archipelago

Quinnipiac

Swiss confederal leagues

Therapeutae

Tiv

Tlaxcala (Postclassic)

Venezuelan communes

Limited

Pnyx Hill, the meeting place of the ecclesia in the Athenian polis.

Athenian polis, 594-431, 404-403 BCE, 40,000 male citizens

Kibbutzim, 1919-present, 120,000 members in 2011

New England town meetings

Tribal Arabia

Tonga people


Unsorted

South American Indians

Land Dayaks

La Paz Zapotec, nearly 2,000 people

Maori

New Guinea indigenous peoples

Northwest coast indigenous peoples

Nubian people

Nuer

Imazighen

Ifugao

Dinka people

Communities

"The primary aspiration of all history is a genuine community of human beings -- genuine because it is community all through." - Martin Buber[5]

"Strong communities make police obsolete." -police-abolitionist slogan


Anarchist

Guangzhou commune, 1921-1923

Anti-Autoritarian

Entrance to Christiania
Police dismantling a blockade of protesters at Faslane Peace Camp.
Woodcut from a Diggers document by William Everard

Christiania, 1971-present, 900 people

Faslane Peace Camp, 1982-present

Free Republic of Wendland, 1980, 5,000 people

George's Hill (Diggers), 1649, 40 people

Greenham Common Women's Peace Camp, 1981-200

Life and Labor Commune, 1921-1930, nearly 1,000 people

Village Alternatif, Anticapitalist et AntiGuerres, 2003, thousands of people

Autonomous

Kuzbass Autonomous Industrial Commune, 1922-1926

Pocasset, 200 families

Huehuecoyotl

Unsorted

Taita Hills

Ghana shantytown

Minnehaha Free State

Mexican colonial proletarias

Peruvian 'barriadas

Tunisian gourbivilles

Indian bus tees

Turkish gecekondu

Venezuelan ranchos

King Hill hostel squat

Movements and Uprisings

"If we had surrendered, if we had sold ourselves, we would no longer have been poor, but others would have continued to be so." -Subcomandante Marcos[6]

"People have done horizontal, or non-hierarchical, organization all their lives. It is already there in my culture and the way Palestinian activism has worked." -Beesan Ramadan[7]

"We take inspiration from the Luddites, Levellers, Diggers, the Autonome squatter movement, ALF, the Zapatistas, and the little people -- those mischievous elves of lore." -Earth Liberation Front[8]

Anarchist

Chicago anarchists advanced the cause of the 8-hour day and started May Day. See The Haymarket Martyrs.
1999 Seattle WTO shutdown
Anarchy in the Mexican Revolution
Informal Anarchist Federation
Conspiracy of Cells of Fire

The Haymarket Martyrs

Conspiracy of Cells of Fire

Informal Anarchist Federation

Anarchists in the Russian Revolution

Anarchists in the Italian Factory Occupations

Anarchism and the Spanish Revolution

Anarchism in the Mexican Revolution

Manchurian Revolution

1999 Seattle WTO shutdown

Modern schools

2008 Greek insurrection

US Galleanists

1911 Lima-Callao general strike

1919 Peruvian general strike

Anti-Authoritarian

Animal Liberation Front
Italian Autonomia
Cascadia Free State
English Peasants' Revolt of 1381
Anarchy in the Haitian Revolution
Alcatraz occupation
BDS Movement
National Guard deployed during the Los Angeles Rebellion of 1992
Flag of the Group of Communities in Kurdistan
Standing Rock Uprising
Bogomils
Community taro patches run by indigenous and non-indigenous farmers across Hawaii
John Brown's raids
Earth Liberation Front
Occupy movement
Stop Huntingdon Animal Cruelty
Cathars
Earth First!
Movement of the Free Spirit
Unist'ot'en Camp
Watts Rebellion of 1965

Abalone Alliance

Alcatraz occupation

Adamites

Alter-globalization movement

Anarchy in the German Revolution

Anarchy in the Russian Revolution

Anarchy in the Haitian Revolution

Animal Liberation Front

Anti-Shell actions

Bogomils

BDS Movement

Cascadia Free State, 1995-6

Cathars, 11th to 14th centuries

Catholic Worker movement

Community taro patches

Clamshell Alliance

Earth First!

Earth Liberation Front

English food riots in eighteenth century

English Peasants' Revolt of 1381

German Anti-Fascism

Italian Anti-Fascism

Italian Autonomia

John Brown's raids

Kurdish democratic confederalists

Kronstadt rebellion

Los Angeles Rebellion of 1992

Mapuche Struggle

Movement of the Free Spirit

Oaxaca rebellion

Occupy movement

Oka Crisis

Unist'ot'en Camp

US anti-nuclear movement

US Green movement

School of the Tillers

Sexual revolution

Standing Rock Uprising

Stop Huntingdon Animal Cruelty

Texas KXL blockade

The May-June Revolt in France, 1968

Watts Rebellion

Yellow Turban Rebellion

Zone to Defend (ZAD), 2012-present

Autonomous

La Via Campesina
Pirate anarchy
Nat Turner's rebellion
Luddites
2013 Mi'kmaq anti-fracking struggle
1919 Seattle general strike
Woman confronts soldiers during the First Intifada.
Red Cloud's War
American Revolution and Anarchy
Russian Revolution and Anarchy
Cuban Revolution and Anarchism
Mexican Revolution and Anarchy
French Revolution and Anarchy
Jewish armed anti-Nazi resistance

1848 revolutions

1968 revolutions

1919 Seattle general strike

2007 Lakota declaration of independence

2013 Mi'kmaq anti-fracking struggle

American Revolution and Anarchy

Anabaptists

Barcelona en Comú

Black Reconstruction

Bolivia Water War

Cuban Revolution and Anarchism

First Intifada

French Revolution and Anarchy

German Peasants' War

Jewish armed anti-Nazi resistance

La Via Campesina

Luddites

Mexican Revolution and Anarchy

Nat Turner's rebellion

Pirate anarchy

Pueblo Revolt

Red Cloud's War

Seminole Wars

Syrian Revolution

Limited

Karaite Judaism

Kharijites

Mu'tazilites

Unsorted

Massalians

Prague Spring

Hungarian Revolution of 1956

1903 Macedonian revolt

1905–1907 Russian Revolt

1910 Mexican revolution

1960 student revolts

Imazighen

Parisian urban gardeners

Cantonalist Revolt of 1873-1874

Organizations

"SNCC without knowing about anarchism as philosophy embodied the characteristics of anarchism." -Howard Zinn[9]

"The real question at issue is not organization versus non-organization, but rather, what kind of organization. What different kinds of anarchist organizations have in common is that they are developed organically from below, not engineered into existence from above." -Murray Bookchin[10]


Active Anarchist/Anti-Authoritarian

Historical Anarchist/Anti-Authoritarian

Autonomous

Unsorted

Everyday Anarchy

''I think we have to talk about educating the people for critical consciousness about what anarchy is. I would also say that, in practice, many more Americans are anarchists than would ever use that term." -bell hooks.[11]

"If there’s a line to get on a crowded bus, do you wait your turn and refrain from elbowing your way past others even in the absence of police? If you answered 'yes', then you are used to acting like an anarchist!" -David Graeber[12]

"How would you feel if you discovered that the society in which you would really like to live was already here, apart from a few little local difficulties like exploitation, war, dictatorship and starvation?" -Colin Ward[13]

The Yard, an "adventure playground" in Minneapolis. http://www.minnpost.com/arts-culture/2014/07/when-yard-was-minnesota-s-most-radical-park
Woodstock Festival poster. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodstock_festival


Anarchist

Anti-Authoritarian

Really Really Free Market

Mumbai community dog care

Participatory

Autonomous

Stonehenge Free Festival, 1972-1985 (one month a year), 30,000 people

Woodstock Festival, 1969, 40,000 people

Pioneer Health Centre

Little Commonwealth

Vienna Psychoanalytic Society's child guidance service

Horizontal organization in British architecture

Global postal service

International railways

Swiss city planning

Emdrup playground

The Yard

Unsorted

Mexican colonial proletarias

Peruvian 'barriadas

Tunisian gourbivilles

Indian bus tees

Turkish gecekondu

Venezuelan ranchos

Prestolee School

Institueion Libre de Enseiianza

Residential College for Students

1960 student revolts

Freetown playground

Skrammellegeplad playgrounds

Robinson Crusoe playgrounds

Brixham fishing cooperative

Brora mining cooperative

Standard tractor factory

Durham worker-managed mines

Gheel mental health care

Synanon

Claimant's Union

Eyes on the street

Open source

Wikipedia

Nonhuman Anarchy

"Everything is connected, absolutely everything. There are many aboriginal groups that will tell you stories about how all the species in the forests are connected, and many will talk about below-ground networks." -Sm’hayetsk Teresa Ryan[14]

"The basic premise in the ontology of wildness translates into anarchy, where the raison d'etre of everything and everyone - living or non-living, human or nonhuman, child or adult, male, female, intersexual, bisexual, or asexual, whatever the species, ethnicity, or race (all of which are important classifications for civilization only) is simply to be and to enjoy being. In wilderness, the world exists for its own reasons, its space and time uncontrolled, solely its own, regardless of whether it was created by an external divine will or generated through its own exploded forces." - Layla AbdelRahim[15]

"As I watch the Robins and Cedar Waxwings fill their bellies, I see a gift economy in which abundance is stored “in the belly of my brother.” Supporting a thriving bird community is essential to the well-being of the Serviceberry and everyone else up the food chain. That seems especially important to an immobile, long-lived being like a tree, who can’t run away from ruptured relationships. Thriving is possible only if you have nurtured strong bonds with your community."-Robin Wall Kimmerer[16]

" From autocatalytic chemical processes to cells, from living bodies to galaxies, we find a universe filled with structures exhibiting self-organizing dynamics... [A]n atom is a self-organizing system as well. Each atom is a storm of ordered activity. This invisible power assembling the energy into a particular constellation is the atom's identity. A galaxy, too, is an autopoietic system, organizing its stars into a nonequilibrium process and drawing forth new stars from its interstellar materials." -Brian Swimme and Thomas Berry [17]

"The forest has always been my teacher in peace, in diversity in democracy. Diverse life forms, small and large, moving and immobile, above ground and below, with wings, feet or leaves, find their place in the forest. The forest teaches us that in diversity lie the conditions of peace, the realization of democracy." -Vandana Shiva[18]

"If we recognize that every ecosystem can also be viewed as a food web, we can think of it as a circular, interlacing nexus of plant-animal relationships (rather than a stratified pyramid)...Each species, be it a form of bacteria or deer, is knitted together in a network of interdependence. A predator in the web is also prey, even if the 'lowliest' of organisms merely makes it ill or helps to consume it after death." -Murray Bookchin[19]

Animal Societies

Acorn woodpecker
Central American squirrel monkey
Dolphins
Groove-billed ani
Lion
Gray wolf

Acorn woodpecker

Bison

Bonobo

Central American squirrel monkey

Dolphins

Domestic cat

Elephant

Gorillas dismantling traps

Gray wolf

Groove-billed ani

Lion

Manatee

Seahorse

Earth and Ecology

Appalachian forests
Earth system
Evolution of sea slugs
Evolution of translucent worms
Mycorrhizal network
Utricularia-algae-zooplankton feedback

Appalachian forests

Bacteria

Earth system

Evolution of eukaryotes

Evolution of green hydra

Evolution of horse

Evolution of sea slugs

Evolution of translucent worms

Human body and anarchy

Mimosa-beetle symbiosis

Mycorrhizal network

Utricularia-algae-zooplankton feedback

Cosmos, Physics, and Chemistry

Bénard_convection
Chemical clock

Chemical clock

Bénard convection

Laser

Physics and anarchy

Solar system's planets

Universe

Fictional Anarchy

"We live in capitalism, its power seems inescapable – but then, so did the divine right of kings. Any human power can be resisted and changed by human beings." -Ursula K. LeGuin[20]

Anarchist

Anarres

Anarres (The Dispossessed)

Mars (Mars trilogy)

San Francisco (The Fifth Sacred Thing)

Anti-Authoritarian

Earthseed
Cokaygne
Fraggle Rock
The Shire

Cokaygne

Earthseed

Fraggle Rock

Haudenosaunee (The Years of Rice and Salt by Kim Stanley Robinson)

Kesh (Always Coming Home)

Nowhere (News from Nowhere)

The Shire (The Lord of the Rings)

Autonomous

Umuofia (Things Fall Apart)


  1. ↑ Maia Ramnath, Decolonizing Anarchism: An Antiauthoritarian History of India's Liberation Struggle (AK Press, 2011), 6.
  2. ↑ Silvia Federici, "Global Anarchism: Provocations" in No Gods, No Masters, No Peripheries: Global Anarchisms, ed. Barry Maxwell and Raymond Crib, (Oakland: PM Press, 2015), 350-351.
  3. ↑ "Gord Hill, Indigenous Artist and Anarchist," Crimethinc, 1 August 2017, https://crimethinc.com/2017/08/01/an-interview-with-gord-hill.
  4. ↑ David Graeber and David Wengrow, "How to change the course of human history, Eurozine, 2 March 2018, https://www.eurozine.com/change-course-human-history/.
  5. ↑ Paths in Utopia (Boston: Beacon Press, 1958), ch. 10.
  6. ↑ Subcomandante Marcos, "Why We Chose the Weapon of Resistance" in Our Word is Our Weapon (New York: Seven Stories Press, 2001), 160.
  7. ↑ Joshua Stephens, “Palestinian Anarchists in Conversation: Recalibrating anarchism in a colonized country,” Institute for Anarchist Studies, 19 July 2013, https://anarchiststudies.org/palestinian-anarchists/.
  8. ↑ https://www.iiipublishing.com/politics/elf.htm.
  9. ↑ Howard Zinn, "Anarchism Shouldn't Be a Dirty Word," AlterNet, 16 May, 2008, http://www.alternet.org/story/85427/howard_zinn%3A_anarchism_shouldn't_be_a_dirty_word.
  10. ↑ Murray Bookchin, "Anarchy and Organization", Libcom.org, http://libcom.org/library/anarchy-organization-murray-bookchin.
  11. ↑ bell hooks, "How Do You Practice Intersectionalism?", The Anarchist Library, https://theanarchistlibrary.org/library/randy-lowens-how-do-you-practice-intersectionalism.
  12. ↑ David Graeber, "Are You an Anarchist? The Answer May Surprise You!", The Anarchist Library, http://theanarchistlibrary.org/library/david-graeber-are-you-an-anarchist-the-answer-may-surprise-you.
  13. ↑ Colin Ward, Anarchy Works.
  14. ↑ Ferris Jabr, "The Social Life of Forests", New York Times, 2 December, 2020, https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/12/02/magazine/tree-communication-mycorrhiza.html.
  15. ↑ Layla AbdelRahim, Children's Literature, Domestication, and Social Foundation (New York: Routledge, 2015), 3-4.
  16. ↑ Robin Wall Kimmerer, "The Serviceberry: An Economy of Abundance," Emergence Magazine, 2020, https://emergencemagazine.org/story/the-serviceberry/.
  17. ↑ Brian Swimme and Thomas Berry, The Universe Story: From the Primordial Flaring Forth to the Ecozoic Era - A Celebration of the Unfolding of the Cosmos (New York: HarperCollins Publishers, 1992), 75.
  18. ↑ Vandana Shiva, "Foreword" in Derrick Jensen and George Draffan, Strangely Like War: The Global Assault on Forests (White River Junction: Chelsea Green Publishing Company, 2003), vii.
  19. ↑ Murray Bookchin, The Ecology of Freedom: The Emergence and Dissolution of Hierarchy (Palo Alto: Cheshire Books, 1982), 26.
  20. ↑ "Ursula K Le Guin's speech at National Book Awards", The Guardian, 20 November 2014, http://www.theguardian.com/books/2014/nov/20/ursula-k-le-guin-national-book-awards-speech.
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